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. 2022 Nov 28;11:336. doi: 10.1038/s41377-022-01030-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

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Fig. 1 — a A schematic of a 1D Hatano-Nelson lattice. The non-Hermitian skin effect localizes the intensity at the edge of the lattice. b A generalized Hatano–Nelson lattice with asymmetric coupling marked by orange and green arrows. c Eigen-energies of a Hatano–Nelson lattice when periodic boundary condition (PBC) or open boundary condition (OBC) is applied. d Non-Hermitian skin effect appears when the coupling is asymmetric (orange and green sections) thus the energy distribution in the modes tilts towards left and right ends, respectively