Table 2.

Extreme knee joint angles (°) in three motion planes during six functional movements (mean ± standard deviation).

	Flexion		Adduction (+)/abduction (−)		External rotation (+)/internal rotation (−)
	Max	Min	Max	Min	Max	Min
Walking
R	44.8 ± 7.8	8.8 ± 4.9	5.5 ± 2.6	1.9 ± 2.3	8.7 ± 6.3	0.2 ± 5.3
N	46.2 ± 4.0	6.5 ± 4.2	5.7 ± 2.7	1.8 ± 2.6	10.2 ± 6.9	0.1 ± 5.5
Running
R	44.1 ± 3.8	18.0 ± 3.8	5.8 ± 3.2	1.7 ± 2.4	6.4 ± 7.5	2.1 ± 7.0
N	42.4 ± 5.4	17.1 ± 4.9	6.0 ± 3.3	1.7 ± 2.6	6.8 ± 8.8	1.2 ± 5.9
Descending stairs
R	85.0 ± 6.2	15.6 ± 3.5	8.7 ± 4.5	1.8 ± 3.3	7.9 ± 6.6	5.6 ± 5.7
N	82.5 ± 10.6	14.9 ± 3.8	8.6 ± 5.0	1.9 ± 2.5	7.8 ± 6.1	5.9 ± 6.6
Ascending stairs
R	70.7 ± 6.4	16.5 ± 5.0	10.3 ± 4.9	2.4 ± 1.9	3.8 ± 6.4	4.8 ± 5.3
N	71.6 ± 2.7	15.8 ± 4.7	10.4 ± 4.8	2.3 ± 2.3	4.2 ± 5.7	4.6 ± 5.3
Jumping (descending)
R	64.2 ± 11.4	11.1 ± 6.3	5.8 ± 3.6	1.7 ± 2.4	6.1 ± 5.3	6.4 ± 5.7
N	67.5 ± 11.4	9.6 ± 5.9	6.9 ± 4.3	1.4 ± 3.0	5.5 ± 6.3	7.7 ± 6.5
Jumping (ascending)
R	98.0 ± 11.4	9.6 ± 5.9	8.9 ± 4.6	1.5 ± 3.0	4.9 ± 4.9	11.6 ± 5.6
N	98.8 ± 10.5	11.1 ± 6.3	9.0 ± 4.8	2.4 ± 1.9	4.8 ± 4.9	13.3 ± 7.3
Cutting
R	54.7 ± 9.3	17.0 ± 4.6	7.3 ± 3.5	− 0.7 ± 2.5	6.2 ± 8.3	10.3 ± 7.8
N	53.1 ± 9.9	16.0 ± 3.3	7.6 ± 4.1	− 0.2 ± 3.3	6.8 ± 8.3	10.6 ± 7.2

N normal shoes, R rocker-soled shoes.

^aRepresents an angle for rocker-soled shoes that is significantly larger than for normal shoes (p < 0.007).

^bRepresents an angle for normal shoes that is significantly larger than for rocker-soled shoes (p < 0.007).