Table 2.
Multivariable associations between the presence of emphysema and the presence of lung nodules, stratified by smoking status
| Variables | Overall (1162) | Smokers (n = 271) | Non-smokers (n = 891) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR (95% CI) | p value | aOR (95% CI) | p value | aOR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Emphysema | ||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 1.71 (1.26–2.31) | < 0.01 | 2.28 (1.17–4.43) | 0.02 | 1.55 (1.16–2.06) | < 0.01 |
| Age | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.38 | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) | 0.28 | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | 0.71 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Male | 1.44 (1.02–2.05) | 0.04 | 1.82 (0.56–5.94) | 0.32 | 1.41 (1.00–1.99) | 0.04 |
| Smoking status *emphysema | 0.04 | |||||
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | 1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
| Former | 1.56 (0.70–3.50) | 0.28 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Current | 0.60 (0.30–1.19) | 0.14 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Pack-years | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.61 | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 0.46 | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.50 |
| Passive smoking (years) | ||||||
| No (< 10 ) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Yes (≥ 10) | 0.98 (0.76–1.27) | 0.87 | 0.65 (0.38–1.10) | 0.11 | 1.12 (0.84–1.51) | 0.44 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| < 25 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≥ 25 | 0.94 (0.74–1.21) | 0.64 | 1.00 (0.59–1.69) | 0.99 | 0.93 (0.79–1.23) | 0.62 |
Note: Abbreviation: aOR adjusted odds ratios, BMI body mass index. Adjusted for: age, sex, smoking status, pack-years, passive smoking, and BMI; *interaction between smoking status and emphysema
Significant p values are marked in bold