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. 2022 May 25;32(12):8597–8607. doi: 10.1007/s00330-022-08866-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — 3D visualization of the evolution of a helix in the ascending aorta during the entire cardiac cycle of a healthy individual (left column) and a patient with BAV (female, 39 years old, right column). (a) At early systole, the helix occupies only the very proximal part of the ascending aorta in die healthy volunteer and a big part in the patient. (b) At mid-systole, it has grown in volume and length and reached its maximum—the maximum helical volume (HV_max). (c) At end-systole at 300 ms, most of the helix vanished. (d) The summation of all volumes that contributed to the helix during the entire cardiac cycle is the accumulated helical volume (HV_acc), and its length is the accumulated helical volume length (HVL_acc)