Table 3.
Microglia sequelae: evidences from neurodevelopment until adulthood in poly I:C schizophrenia animal model.
Poly I:C animal model
|
Offspring age | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||
| Prenatal | |||||
| ED 12.5 | ED 14 | ED 17 | ED 17.5 | ED 18 | |
|
CX3CR1-GFP mice single (GD 11.5) or double (GD 11.5 and 15.5) |
No changes in density nor in activation phenotype (cortex and hip) [105] |
– | – |
No changes in density nor in activation phenotype (cortex and hip) [105] |
– |
|
C57BL/6J mice single (GD 12.5 or 14.5) |
– |
Acceleration of microglia transcriptional profile towards to an adult-like phenotype (all brain) [34] |
– | – | – |
|
C57BL6/J mice single (GD 9.5) |
– | – |
Alterations in microglia transcriptome (genes involved in cell protrusion and neurogenesis) (cortex) [103] |
– | – |
|
CX3CR1-GFP mice single dose (GD12 or GD15) |
– | – | – | – |
Increased microglia motility No changes in density and morphology (cortex) [104] |
Poly I:C animal model
|
Offspring age | ||
|---|---|---|---|
 | |||
| Neonatal | |||
| PND 1 | PND 2 | PND 7 | |
|
Spiny mice single (GD 20) |
↑ Number of microglia ↓ of cellular processes (hip) [106] |
– | – |
|
Sprague Dawley single (GD 15) |
– |
↑ Primitive (amoeboid shape typical from early neurodevelopmental phases) microglia (SCC) (more in ♂ than ♀) ↓, Primitive microglia (CC, striatum, hip somatosensorial cortex) [107] |
– |
|
C57BL6/J mice single (GD 9.5) |
– | – |
Alterations in microglia transcriptome (cortex) [103] |
Poly I:C animal model
|
Offspring age | ||
|---|---|---|---|
 | |||
| Adolescence | |||
| PND 21 | PND 30 | PND 40 | |
|
C57BL6/N mice single (GD 9) |
Similar number of microglia (Iba-1+) and phagocytic microglia (CD68+) (hip) [110] |
– | – |
|
Wistar rats single (GD 15) |
↑ Number of microglia amoeboid (hip) (only in ♂) [111] |
– | – |
|
Balb/c mice single (GD 9) |
– |
↑ Number of microglia (hip and striatum) ↓, Number of branches (activated microglia) (hip) [113] |
– |
|
Balb/c mice single (GD 9.5) |
– |
↑ Microglia activation (enlarged cell bodies and processes retraction) (hip, PFC, CC and striatum) [114] |
– |
|
Balb/c mice single (GD 9) |
– |
↑ Microglia activation (genes associated with M1 phenotype) (only in ♀) (all brain) [115] |
– |
|
Sprague Dawley single (GD 9) |
– | – |
↑ Number of microglia ↑ IL-1 p, IL-6 (PFC and hip) [117] |
|
C57BL6/N mice single (GD 9) |
– | – |
Similar number of microglia, morphology and phagocytic microglia (CD68+ cells) p) [110] |
Poly I:C animal model
|
Offspring age |
|---|---|
 | |
| Adulthood | |
| PND 56-100 | |
|
Sprague Dawley single (GD 9) |
↑ Microglia activation (PFC and hip) [119] |
|
Sprague Dawley single (GD 15) |
↑ Microglia activation; ↑ microglia density; similar phagocytic microglia (thalamus, cingulated cortex and hip) [120] |
|
C57BL/6 mice single (GD 12) |
Microglia hyper-ramification (hip) Without changes in soma and primary branches [118] |
|
C57BL/6J mice single (GD 9.5) |
↑ Pro-inflammatory genes (PFC) [117, 125] |
|
C57BL/6 mice single (GD 15) |
↑ Microglia activation ↓ Microglia phagocytosis ↓ Genes related with microglia-neuron communication (all brain) [123] |
|
C57BL/6 mice single (GD 9) |
↓ TSPO staining (PFC) Similar TSPO staining in microglia, astrocytes and vascular cells [64] |
|
C57BL/6 mice single (GD 9.5) |
♂ : ↑ Microglia clustering, ↑ microglia processes, ↑ dark microglia, ↓ arborization area, ↓ phagocytosis (less cellular inclusions) (hip) ♀ : ↑ Microglia contacts with myelinated neurons, ↑ microglia processes, ↑ phagocytosis (more cellular inclusions) (hip) [126] |
|
C57BL/6 mice single (GD 9.5) |
♂:↑ CD11b ♀ : ↑ CD11b with CD68 puncta (hip) [127] |
|
Balb/c mice single (GD 9) |
♂ : ↓ CD11b and CD45 ♀ : ↓ CD11b (all brain) [129] |
ED embryonic day, PND post natal day, SCC supraventricular corpus callosum, CC corpus callosum, hip hippocampus, PFC prefrontal cortex.