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. 2022 Nov 28;12:20495. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23319-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Scoping review process. ^aWe determined a minimum sample size threshold for each cancer type and stage to focus on estimates from larger studies where available, while retaining 10+ studies (see Supplementary Table S6 for details). ^bExcluding studies focused on selected populations based on family history or inherited predisposition to cancer, rare histologic subtype(s) only, or specific molecular subtypes only. ^cOther reasons for exclusion are unavailability of the full-text article (n = 10), focus on validation of a new assay (n = 8), use of blood rather than tumour samples (n = 8), and < 4 mismatch repair proteins evaluated by immunohistochemistry for colorectal cancer (n = 4).