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. 2022 Nov 15;13:1042916. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1042916

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Copyright © 2022 Ren, Pei, Jiang, Zhao, Jiang, Liu, Yi, Hui and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cytokine secretion in intranasally vaccinated mice. Mice serum was collected at 3 days postinfection for analysis by ELISA to determine cytokine levels (A). The number of antigen-specific splenocytes secreting IFN-γ (B) or IL-5 (C) was determined by ELISpot. ND, nondetected. Each sample was tested in triplicate. The values represent the means ± standard deviations (SD). The dots represent the individual mice. ns indicates not significant. (p > 0.05), *(p ≤ 0.05), **(p ≤ 0.01), ***(p ≤ 0.001),****(p ≤ 0.0001).