TABLE 1.

Autophagy regulators.

Compounds	Mechanism of action	Experimental models	References
Rapamycin	inhibit the mTOR pathway; reduce protein synthesis; promote autophagy	human; mice; yeast	Menzies et al. (2017); Rubinsztein et al. (2012); Powers et al. (2006)
Ouabain	inhibit mTOR kinases; facilitate the clearance of endogenous tau; induce autophagic lysosomes; promote cells repair	flies; human; mice	Song et al. (2019)
Fisetin	inhibit mTOR kinases; facilitate the clearance of endogenous tau via TFEB and Nrf2 activation; activate sirtuins	flies; mice; worms; yeast	Kim et al. (2016); Yousefzadeh et al. (2018)
Spermidine	inhibit the EP300 acetyltransferase; promote autophagy; anti-inflammation	flies; human; worms; yeast	Pietrocola et al. (2015); Freitag et al. (2022)
Resveratrol	NAD + -dependent; NF	flies, mice, worms, yeast	Morselli et al. (2011); Wang Z et al. (2021)
Metformin	mTOR-independent; act the AMPK pathway; promote autophagy	human; mice	Menzies et al. (2017)
Trehalose	mTOR-independent; activate AMPK pathway; activate TFEB; promote autophagy	human; mice; worms	Menzies et al. (2015); Sharma et al. (2018)
Urolithin A	mitophagy-dependent (pink-1, pdr-1 or dct-1); inhibit amyloid β and tau C	mice; worms	D'Amico et al. (2021); Ryu et al. (2016)
KU-60019	inhibit ATM kinase; restore mitochondrial function; promote autophagy	mice	Kang et al. (2017)
NAD+	mitophagy-dependent; NAD+–SIRT axis; activate sirtuins; inhibit the deacetylation of mTOR pathways and autophagy proteins	humans, mice	Lautrup et al. (2019); Lee et al. (2008)
nicotinamide riboside	mitophagy-dependent; NAD+ precursors; activate mitophagy	humans, mice	Fang et al. (2019); Mitchell et al. (2018)
lncIAPF	block autophagy by controlling the stability of the target genes EZH2, STAT1 and FOXK1	cell, human, mice	Zhang et al. (2022)