Table 2.
Clinical studies involving the use of dendritic cell-based vaccines (alone and combined with other treatments) and their effects on the myeloid-derived suppressor cell population.
| Type of cancer | Type of DC vaccine | Groups of treatment | Effect on MDSCs after treatments | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brain | GBM6-AD/DCs | DC vaccine | Patients with stable disease experienced a significant decrease of early stage MDSCs and M-MDSCs. Also, a significant increase of G-MDSCs in patients with non-stable disease was observed. | (124) |
| Breast | Monocyte-derived autologous DCs | Group 1: Control Group 2: DC vaccine + neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) |
MDSCs significantly decreased in Group 2 after treatment | (125) |
| Breast | Wilms tumor gene (WT) 1 peptide-pulsed DCs | DC vaccine+ NAC | Patients who had immunological response to treatment had a significant depletion of MDSCs | (126) |
| Esophageal | WT1 peptide-pulsed DCs | DC vaccine + docetaxel | Positive immune responses were significantly correlated with a low concentration of MDSCs | (127) |
| Gastric | WT1 peptide-pulsed DCs | DC vaccine+ NAC | Patients who had immunological response to treatment had a significant depletion of MDSCs | (126) |
| Lung | Wild-type p53-transduced DCs | Group 1: Control Group 2: DC vaccine Group 3: DC vaccine + ATRA |
MDSC levels were similar in all groups before starting treatments. After vaccinations, MDSCs did not vary in Group 2, whereas they decreased more than two-fold in Group 3 | (128) |
| Melanoma | Tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-loaded monocyte-derived autologous DCs | Group 1: Healthy control Group 2: DC vaccine |
M-MDSCs were significantly higher in Group 2 compared to Group 1. After treatment, MDSC frequency was associated with short survival. | (129) |
| Melanoma | AdVTMM2-transduced DCs | Group 1: Healthy control Group 2: DC vaccine Group 3: DC vaccine + IFNα |
In group 2, there was a decreased of HLA-DR−CD11b+CD33+ MDSCs, although M-MDSCs and G-MDSCs were not reduced. Group 3 experienced a slightly decreased of MDSC subsets | (130) |
| Ovarian | WT1 peptide-pulsed DCs | DC vaccine+ NAC | Patients who had immunological response to treatment had a significant depletion of MDSCs | (126) |
| Prostate | Autologous DCs | Group 1: Docetaxel Group 2: Docetaxel + DC vaccine |
MDSC levels were similar before treatments in both groups. However, Group 2 had a significant MDSC decrease during treatment compared to Group 1 | (131) |
| Renal | Tumor lysate-loaded DC | DC vaccine + sunitinib | Patients who responded to treatment showed decreased levels of MDSCs, whereas those who failed to develop tumor-reactive T cell responses did not show consistent reductions of MDSCs | (132) |
| Sarcoma | TAA-monocyte-derived DCs | DC vaccine | MDSC levels varied in every patient after vaccination. One of those patients had low levels of M-MDSCs and experienced a remarkable regression of metastatic lesions | (133) |