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. 2022 Nov 15;16:1042814. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1042814

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Copyright © 2022 Dabiri, Dehghani Firouzabadi, Yang, Barker, Lee and Yousem.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The cross-sectional study (left) observed reduced anterior cingulate cortex glutathione (GSH) levels and hippocampus volumes in non-responders; however, the longitudinal study data (right) found that anterior cingulate cortex GSH and hippocampus volume are stable over time in patients; these results imply that anterior cingulate cortex GSH and hippocampus volume may be trait markers for non-responders. Studying data from multimodal longitudinal cohorts may be a promising approach in the future to identify biomarkers for schizophrenia or a subset of schizophrenia patients. This figure shows anterior cingulate cortex GSH levels and the HP volume as potential biomarkers for TR to antipsychotics (Zhao et al., 2019; Picó-Pérez et al., 2022). Future studies are expected to identify additional biomarkers for TR and a combination of multimodal biomarkers that may be useful for the early diagnosis of TR in the clinic.