Table 3. Propensity Score–Matched Generalized Estimating Equation Model for Clinical Outcomes Within 24 Months After Permanent Spinal Cord Stimulator Placement vs Conventional Medical Management.
| Outcome | Follow-up, mo | Odds ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Chronic opioid use | 1-12 | 1.14 (1.01-1.29) |
| 13-24 | 1.06 (0.94-1.20) | |
| Long-acting opioid use | 1-12 | 1.28 (1.11-1.49) |
| 13-24 | 1.16 (0.99-1.36) | |
| High MME | 1-12 | 1.81 (1.60-2.04) |
| 13-24 | 1.04 (0.92-1.18) | |
| Epidural and facet corticosteroid injections | 1-12 | 0.44 (0.39-0.51) |
| 13-24 | 1.00 (0.87-1.14) | |
| Radiofrequency ablation | 1-12 | 0.57 (0.44-0.72) |
| 13-24 | 0.84 (0.66-1.09) | |
| Advanced imaging | 1-12 | 0.84 (0.74-0.96) |
| 13-24 | 0.97 (0.85-1.11) | |
| Spine surgery | 1-12 | 0.72 (0.61-0.85) |
| 13-24 | 0.91 (0.75-1.09) | |
| NSAIDs | 1-12 | 0.95 (0.83-1.07) |
| 13-24 | 0.99 (0.87-1.13) | |
| Muscle relaxants | 1-12 | 1.13 (0.99-1.28) |
| 13-24 | 1.03 (0.91-1.17) | |
| Systemic steroids | 1-12 | 0.94 (0.83-1.07) |
| 13-24 | 1.09 (0.97-1.24) | |
| TCA/SNRI antidepressants | 1-12 | 1.05 (0.92-1.20) |
| 13-24 | 1.16 (1.02-1.32) | |
| Gabapentinoids | 1-12 | 1.06 (0.94-1.20) |
| 13-24 | 1.22 (1.08-1.37) | |
| Benzodiazepines | 1-12 | 1.01 (0.88-1.14) |
| 13-24 | 0.87 (0.76-1.00) |
Abbreviations: MME, morphine milligram equivalents; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; SNRI, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; TCA, tricyclic antidepressant.