Table 1.
Clinical profiles of patients categorized by RASi discontinuation when eGFR declined to <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 before and after propensity score (PS) overlap-weighting.
| Variables | Overall | Before PS overlap-weighting |
After PS overlap-weighting |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continued | Discontinued | SMD | Continued | Discontinued | SMD | ||
| No | 10,400 | 8634 | 1766 | 8634 | 1766 | ||
| Men, % | 4835 (46.5) | 3979 (46.1) | 856 (48.5) | 0.048 | 48.2 | 48.2 | <0.001 |
| Women,% | 5565 (53.5) | 4655 (53.9) | 910 (51.5) | 0.032 | 51.8 | 51.8 | |
| Age at index date, years | 73.1 (11.4) | 73.1 (11.4) | 73.3 (11.0) | 0.023 | 73.3 (11.5) | 73.3 (11.0) | <0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 14.0 (8.1) | 14.1 (8.1) | 13.2 (8.2) | 0.117 | 13.4 (8.0) | 13.4 (8.2) | <0.001 |
| Family history, % | 4162 (40.0) | 3556 (41.2) | 606 (34.3) | 0.142 | 35.7 | 35.7 | <0.001 |
| Use of tobacco, % | 0.05 | <0.001 | |||||
| Never | 7080 (68.1) | 5854 (67.8) | 1226 (69.4) | 69.0 | 69.0 | ||
| Ever | 2204 (21.2) | 1832 (21.2) | 372 (21.1) | 21.2 | 21.2 | ||
| Current | 1116 (10.7) | 948 (11.0) | 168 (9.5) | 9.8 | 9.8 | ||
| Use of alcohol, % | 0.065 | <0.001 | |||||
| Never | 7995 (76.9) | 6615 (76.6) | 1380 (78.1) | 77.9 | 77.9 | ||
| Current | 1261 (12.1) | 1077 (12.5) | 184 (10.4) | 10.7 | 10.7 | ||
| Ever | 1144 (11.0) | 942 (10.9) | 202 (11.4) | 11.4 | 11.4 | ||
| Body mass index (BMI), kg/m2 | 25.7 (4.2) | 25.8 (4.2) | 25.3 (4.3) | 0.135 | 25.4 (4.0) | 25.4 (4.3) | <0.001 |
| BMI missing, % | 4.4 | 3.3 | 9.8 | ||||
| Waist circumference (WC), cm | 90.8 (10.4) | 90.9 (10.3) | 90.1 (10.7) | 0.078 | 90.2 (10.1) | 90.2 (10.7) | <0.001 |
| WC missing, % | 6.5 | 5.3 | 12.7 | ||||
| SBP, mmHg | 141.2 (14.0) | 141.2 (14.0) | 140.9 (13.9) | 0.021 | 141.0 (14.4) | 141.0 (13.9) | <0.001 |
| SBP missing, % | 2.1 | 1.2 | 6.8 | ||||
| DBP, mmHg | 73.0 (9.2) | 73.0 (9.3) | 73.0 (9.0) | 0.004 | 73.0 (9.7) | 73.0 (8.9) | <0.001 |
| DBP missing, % | 2.1 | 1.2 | 6.8 | ||||
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.2 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.4) | 0.008 | 1.2 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C missing, % | 3.1 | 2.7 | 5 | ||||
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.4 (1.0) | 2.4 (1.0) | 2.5 (1.0) | 0.027 | 2.5 (1.0) | 2.5 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C missing, % | 3.3 | 2.9 | 5.5 | ||||
| Total cholesterol (TC), mmol/L | 4.4 (1.2) | 4.4 (1.2) | 4.4 (1.2) | 0.021 | 4.4 (1.2) | 4.4 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| TC missing, % | 2.4 | 2.1 | 3.9 | ||||
| Triglyceride (TG), mmol/L | 1.8 (1.2) | 1.8 (1.2) | 1.7 (1.1) | 0.101 | 1.7 (1.1) | 1.7 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| TG missing, % | 2.5 | 2.1 | 4.1 | ||||
| Blood haemoglobin (HB), g/dL | 11.4 (1.9) | 11.4 (1.9) | 11.4 (1.9) | 0.047 | 11.4 (1.9) | 11.4 (1.9) | <0.001 |
| HB missing, % | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.3 | ||||
| HbA1c, % | 7.5 (1.6) | 7.5 (1.6) | 7.5 (1.7) | 0.003 | 7.5 (1.6) | 7.5 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c missing, % | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1.6 | ||||
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 29.2 (11.5) | 29.0 (11.0) | 29.9 (13.4) | 0.093 | 29.9 (12.3) | 29.9 (13.0) | <0.001 |
| Medications, % | |||||||
| Diuretics | 3326 (32.0) | 2825 (32.7) | 501 (28.4) | 0.095 | 28.9 | 28.9 | <0.001 |
| Beta-blockers | 4854 (46.7) | 4051 (46.9) | 803 (45.5) | 0.029 | 45.6 | 45.6 | <0.001 |
| Calcium-channel blockers | 7841 (75.4) | 6566 (76.0) | 1275 (72.2) | 0.088 | 72.8 | 72.8 | <0.001 |
| Statins | 6135 (59.0) | 5221 (60.5) | 914 (51.8) | 0.176 | 53.6 | 53.6 | <0.001 |
| Non-statins lipid-modifying | 588 (5.7) | 484 (5.6) | 104 (5.9) | 0.012 | 5.8 | 5.8 | <0.001 |
| Glucose-lowering drugs (GLDs) | |||||||
| Insulin | 2746 (26.4) | 2330 (27.0) | 416 (23.6) | 0.079 | 24.3 | 24.3 | <0.001 |
| Metformin | 8094 (77.8) | 6726 (77.9) | 1368 (77.5) | 0.011 | 77.7 | 77.7 | <0.001 |
| Sulfonylureas | 6798 (65.4) | 5633 (65.2) | 1165 (66.0) | 0.015 | 65.9 | 65.9 | <0.001 |
| AGIs | 147 (1.4) | 119 (1.4) | 28 (1.6) | 0.017 | 1.5 | 1.5 | <0.001 |
| TZD | 265 (2.5) | 229 (2.7) | 36 (2.0) | 0.041 | 2.1 | 2.1 | <0.001 |
| DPP-4is | 1229 (11.8) | 1057 (12.2) | 172 (9.7) | 0.08 | 10.2 | 10.2 | <0.001 |
| GLP-1RA | 130 (1.2) | 88 (1.0) | 42 (2.4) | 0.105 | 1.9 | 1.9 | <0.001 |
| SGLT2i | 32 (0.3) | 28 (0.3) | 4 (0.2) | 0.019 | 0.2 | 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Number of GLDs | 0.077 | <0.001 | |||||
| 0 | 599 (5.8) | 471 (5.5) | 128 (7.2) | 6.8 | 6.8 | ||
| 1 | 2751 (26.5) | 2290 (26.5) | 461 (26.1) | 26.3 | 26.3 | ||
| 2 | 4897 (47.1) | 4067 (47.1) | 830 (47.0) | 47.2 | 47.2 | ||
| ≥3 | 2153 (20.7) | 1806 (20.9) | 347 (19.6) | 19.7 | 19.7 | ||
| Medication treatment time, years | |||||||
| RASi | 4.5 (3.1) | 4.7 (3.1) | 3.9 (3.1) | 0.259 | 4.0 (2.9) | 4.0 (3.2) | <0.001 |
| Calcium-channel blockers | 5.6 (4.7) | 5.8 (4.8) | 4.8 (4.5) | 0.23 | 4.9 (4.5) | 4.9 (4.5) | <0.001 |
| Beta-blockers | 3.6 (4.6) | 3.7 (4.7) | 3.2 (4.4) | 0.119 | 3.3 (4.4) | 3.3 (4.5) | <0.001 |
| Diuretics | 1.4 (2.6) | 1.5 (2.7) | 1.1 (2.2) | 0.173 | 1.2 (2.3) | 1.2 (2.3) | <0.001 |
| Statins | 2.5 (3.1) | 2.7 (3.1) | 2.0 (2.8) | 0.209 | 2.1 (2.8) | 2.1 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| Metformin | 6.7 (4.5) | 6.8 (4.5) | 6.0 (4.4) | 0.181 | 6.2 (4.4) | 6.2 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| Sulfonylureas | 5.9 (4.7) | 6.0 (4.7) | 5.4 (4.5) | 0.125 | 5.5 (4.6) | 5.5 (4.5) | <0.001 |
| Insulin | 1.3 (3.0) | 1.3 (3.1) | 1.1 (2.9) | 0.081 | 1.1 (2.8) | 1.1 (3.0) | <0.001 |
| Complications history | |||||||
| CVD | 1743 (16.8) | 1443 (16.7) | 300 (17.0) | 0.007 | 16.9 | 16.9 | <0.001 |
| IHD | 1048 (10.1) | 891 (10.3) | 157 (8.9) | 0.049 | 9.2 | 9.2 | <0.001 |
| AMI | 472 (4.5) | 404 (4.7) | 68 (3.9) | 0.041 | 4 | 4 | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 672 (6.5) | 536 (6.2) | 136 (7.7) | 0.059 | 7.3 | 7.3 | <0.001 |
| Heart failure | 978 (9.4) | 868 (10.1) | 110 (6.2) | 0.14 | 6.8 | 6.8 | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 523 (5.0) | 418 (4.8) | 105 (5.9) | 0.049 | 5.8 | 5.8 | <0.001 |
| PVD | 397 (3.8) | 328 (3.8) | 69 (3.9) | 0.006 | 3.9 | 3.9 | <0.001 |
| Period of index year | 0.23 | <0.001 | |||||
| 2002–2006 | 409 (3.9) | 288 (3.3) | 121 (6.9) | 5.9 | 5.9 | ||
| 2007–2010 | 1299 (12.5) | 1011 (11.7) | 288 (16.3) | 15.4 | 15.4 | ||
| 2011–2014 | 3356 (32.3) | 2789 (32.3) | 567 (32.1) | 32.4 | 32.4 | ||
| 2015–2018 | 5336 (51.3) | 4546 (52.7) | 790 (44.7) | 46.4 | 46.4 | ||
SMD, standardized mean difference; RASi, renin angiotensin system inhibitors; BP, blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; AGIs: alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; TZDs: thiazolidinediones; DPP-4i: dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors; GLP1-RA: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor analogues; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors; GLDs: glucose-lowering drugs; CVD, cardiovascular disease; IHD, Ischemic heart disease; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; PVD, peripheral vascular disease.