Figure 12.

(A) A dual-targeting delivery liposomal system was designed with dual-modification of PD-L1 nanobody and mannose ligands for co-delivering an mTOR inhibitor (rapamycin) and an anti-angiogenic drug (regorafenib). The liposomes were able to target both TAMs and cancer cells that overexpressed PD-L1 and mannose receptors, and then efficiently reduced glycolysis, repolarized TAMs, inhibited angiogenesis, reprogrammed immune cells, and consequently arrested tumor growth. Adapted with permission from ¹³³, copyright 2020 Elsevier Ltd. (B) Schematic illustration of the enhanced cancer chemo-immunotherapy resulting from intratumorally and intravenously injected nanomedicines. Of which, the immunostimulatory micelle ACP-R837 activated TAMs and promoted the secretion of cytokines, leading to an augmented antitumor immune response. Adapted with permission from ⁹⁶, copyright 2019 Elsevier Ltd. (C) Schematic illustration of the formation of R848-loaded PLGA NP coated with E. coli (Ec-PR848) and TAMs re-polarization-promoted cancer immunotherapy. (D) Flow cytometric analysis of the proportion of M1 macrophages (F4/80⁺CD80⁺) and M2 macrophages (F4/80⁺CD206⁺). Adapted with permission from ¹⁴⁸, copyright 2021 American Chemical Society. Abbreviations: mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; GZMB: granzyme B; TLR-7: toll-like receptor 7; i.t.: intratumoral; i.v.: intravenous.