Table 3.
Recently terminated clinical trials exploring combined TGFβ and immune checkpoint inhibition.
| Anti-TGFβ and ICI medications | Additional therapy | NCT identifier | Phase | Reason for termination | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pancreatic cancer | |||||
| Bintrafusp alfa | Gemcitabine | NCT03451773 | 1b/2 | One treatment-related death | |
| Biliary tract cancer | |||||
| Bintrafusp alfa | Gemcitabine Cisplatin |
NCT04066491 | 2/3 | Unlikely to meet survival objective | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | |||||
| Galunisertib + Nivolumab |
– | NCT02423343 | 2 | HCC cohort terminated due to low enrollment | Part of a larger multi-cancer trial |
| Lung cancer | |||||
| Bintrafusp alfa | – | NCT03631706 | 3 | Unlikely to meet survival objective | |
| Bintrafusp alfa | Aerosolized Azacytidine | NCT04648826 | 1/2 | Increased frequency of early progression/death | Metastatic lung lesions from other cancers |
| Breast cancer | |||||
| Bintrafusp alfa | BN-Brachyury Entinostat Ado-trastuzumab Emtansine |
NCT04296942 | 1 | Slow accrual and safety concerns | |
Abbreviations: Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ); Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI); Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).