Table 3. Examples of Glycoconjugate Tumor Markers in Exosomes.
| Tumor markera | Cancer | Body fluid/cells |
|---|---|---|
| α-fetoprotein | liver and germ cell tumors | blood |
| β-human chorionic gonadotropin | choriocarcinoma, germ cell tumors | urine, blood |
| C-kit/CD117 | gastrointestinal tumor, melanoma | tumor cells |
| CA15-3/CA27.29 (MUC1) | breast cancer | blood |
| CA19-9 | pancreatic, gallbladder, bile duct, stomach cancers | blood |
| CA-125 (MUC16) | ovary cancer | blood |
| carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) | colorectal cancer | blood |
| estrogen receptor (ER) | breast cancer | tumor cells |
| HE4 | ovary cancer | blood |
| HER2/neu | breast, stomach, gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma | tumor cells |
| prostate-specific antigen (PSA) | prostate cancer | blood |
a
Tumor markers selected from https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/diagnosis/tumor-markers-fact-sheet.