Table 5. Exemplary Exosome-Based Drug Delivery Systems.

Exosome source	Disease	Drug/therapeutic agent	Study type/disease model or cell line
non-small-cell lung cancer H1299 cells and MRC9 lung fibroblasts256	lung cancer	doxorubicin/gold nanoparticles	in vitro/human cell
Raw264.7 macrophages257	pulmonary metastases	paclitaxel	in vivo/mouse model
pancreatic adenocarcinoma PANC-1 or MIA PaCa-2 cells258	pancreatic cancer	curcumin	in vitro/human cell
mesenchymal stromal cells (SR4987)200	pancreatic adenocarcinoma	paclitaxel	in vitro/mouse cell
human brain glioblastoma–astrocytoma U-87 cells and endothelial bEND.3 cells259	brain cancer	doxorubicin and paclitaxel	in vivo/zebrafish model
mouse macrophages Raw264.7260	glioma	curcumin/SPIONsa	in vitro/mouse and human cell
human brain glioblastoma–astrocytoma U-87 cells261	glioblastoma	paclitaxel	in vitro/human cell
human endometrial stem cells (hEnSCs)262	glioblastoma	atorvastatin	in vitro/human cell
immature mouse dendritic cell transfected by vector expressing iRGD-Lamp2b fusion protein263	breast cancer	doxorubicin	in vivo/mouse model
bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells264	neuroinflammation	miR-193b-3p	in vivo/mouse model
mesenchymal stem cells265	traumatic brain injury	MSC generated exosomes	in vivo/rat model
macrophages266	Alzheimer’s disease	curcumin	in vivo/mouse model
blood plasma267	Alzheimer’s disease	quercetin	in vivo/mouse model
adipose-derived stem cells268	Alzheimer’s disease	neprilysin	in vivo/mouse model
blood plasma269	Parkinson disease	dopamine	in vivo/mouse model
human mesenchymal stem cells270	Parkinson disease	catalase mRNA	in vivo/mouse model
murine dendritic cells271	Parkinson disease	shRNA	in vivo/mouse model
Raw264.7 macrophages248	Parkinson disease	catalase	in vivo/mouse model
HEK 293 cells272	Huntington disease	miR-124	in vivo/mouse model
Schwann cells273	Huntington disease	siRNA	in vivo/mouse model
mesenchymal stem cells274	bacterial infection	antimicrobial peptides: cathelicidin LL-37, β-defensin-2, hepcidin, lipocalin-2	in vitro/mouse and human cells and in vivo/mouse model
human amniotic fluid275	COVID-19	zofin	clinical trial identifier NCT04657406 for expanded access use/in vivo/human

^aSPIONs, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles.