Table 3.

Predictors of high-dose opioid (≥50 MME) per day vs no opioid during admission among inpatients diagnosed with lower extremity fractures (n=1520).

	Odds ratio (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	P value
Body mass index
Underweight	0.59 (0.32, 1.08)	.36	0.88 (0.45, 1.71)	.92
Normal	Reference		Reference
Overweight	1.24 (1.16, 2.41)	.001	1.14 (1.07, 1.62)	.02
Obese	1.54 (1.01, 2.54)	<.0001	1.23 (1.08, 1.73)	.002
Unknown	0.45 (1.3, 2.61)	<.0001	0.38 (0.27. 0.45)	<.0001
Days in hospital
1-7 days	Reference		Reference	Reference
More than 7 days	0.79 (0.87, 0.59)	<.0001	0.34 (0.26, 0.45)	<.0001
Body region fracture
Ankle and foot	0.43 (0.31, 0.58)	<.0001	0.38 (0.27, 0.54)	<.0001
Hip and thigh	Reference		Reference
Knee and lower leg	0.71 (0.53, 0.95)	.71	0.36 (0.27, 0.47)	.02
Lower limb (various or unspecified regions)	0.74 (0.38, 0.75)	.01	0.55 (0.38, 0.81)	.001
Pelvis	3.84 (0.59, 1.21)	.35	1.42 (1.39, 2.16)	.003
Multiple body regions	3.2 (1.77, 2.86)	.006	2.28 (1.38, 3.75)	<.0001
Admitted to ICU
Yes	2.08 (1.15, 3.75)	.01	3.09 (1.54, 6.17)	.001
No	Reference		Reference
Performed surgery
Yes	2.11 (1.44, 3.09)	.0001	2.93 (1.68, 5.09)	.0001
No	Reference		Reference
Post discharge opioid prescriptions
Yes	3.62 (2.8, 4.69)	<.0001	2.32 (1.53, 3.51)	<.0001
No	Reference		Reference
Naloxone prescription during admission
Yes	3.04 (2.17, 4.27)	<.0001	3.48 (3.26, 5.12)	<.0001
No	Reference		Reference
Ketamine used during admission
Yes	5.47 (2.01, 5.99)	<.0001	4.11 (1.96, 8.62)	.0002
No	Reference		Reference
Sedative used during admission
Yes	0.84 (1.89, 2.91)	.00002	0.61 (1.01, 1.82)	.0004
No	Reference		Reference
History of opioid use
Yes	0.89 (0.76, 0.98)	.05	0.74 (0.51, 1.12)	.14
No	Reference	Reference	Reference

Model summary measures: Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of fit (P=.09), Cox-Snell R²=0.64, Nagelkerke R²=0.71.