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. 2022 Nov 29;19:78. doi: 10.1186/s12986-022-00710-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Effects of BCAA administration on the expression of mRNA related to glucose metabolism in the liver. A qPCR analysis of gluconeogenesis genes related mRNA expression (n = 8). B qPCR analysis of glucose and lipid metabolism genes related mRNA expression (n = 8). C qPCR analysis of glucose metabolism genes related mRNA expression (n = 8). D qPCR analysis of insulin signaling pathway related genes mRNA expression (n = 8). Data are shown as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. BCAA: branched-chain amino acids, CON: control, CREB: cAMP response element binding protein, CBP: CREB-binding protein, CRTC2: CREB regulated transcriptional coactivator 2, FoxO1: Forkhead box O1, SIRT1: Sirtuin 1, ACC: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, Chrebp: Carbohydrate responsive element binding protein, SREBP-1C: Sterol response element binding protein 1C, PPAR-a: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-a, FAS: fatty acid synthase, GCK: glucokinase, PCK1: phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxykinase 1, G6PC: glucose-6phosphatase, FBP1: fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, GLUT2: glucose transporter 2, PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, AKT: Protein kinase B, mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin, P70S6K: P70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase, AMPKa1: AMP-activated protein kinase a1, AMPKa2: AMP-activated protein kinase a2