Table 3.
Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for colorectal cancer risk with plant-based diet indices by race and ethnicity in the Multiethnic Cohort Study, 1993–2017
| African American | Japanese American | Native Hawaiian | Latino | White | P for heterogeneity | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | HR (95% CI) a | Cases | HR (95% CI) a | Cases | HR (95% CI) a | Cases | HR (95% CI) a | Cases | HR (95% CI) a | ||
| Men | (n = 10,381) | (n = 24,138) | (n = 5572) | (n = 19,198) | (n = 20,663) | ||||||
| Overall plant-based diet index | |||||||||||
| Q1 | 74 | 1.00 (ref) | 173 | 1.00 (ref) | 55 | 1.00 (ref) | 90 | 1.00 (ref) | 95 | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Q2 | 85 | 0.99 (0.72–1.36) | 205 | 0.84 (0.68–1.03) | 48 | 0.99 (0.67–1.46) | 122 | 0.88 (0.67–1.16) | 123 | 0.95 (0.72–1.24) | |
| Q3 | 66 | 0.93 (0.66–1.30) | 220 | 0.90 (0.74–1.11) | 35 | 0.92 (0.60–1.42) | 135 | 1.03 (0.78–1.35) | 123 | 0.99 (0.75–1.31) | |
| Q4 | 61 | 1.04 (0.73–1.47) | 188 | 0.87 (0.70–1.08) | 20 | 0.76 (0.45–1.28) | 109 | 0.95 (0.71–1.26) | 97 | 0.84 (0.62–1.12) | |
| Q5 | 70 | 1.16 (0.83–1.63) | 173 | 0.70 (0.56–0.87) | 14 | 0.59 (0.32–1.08) | 114 | 0.88 (0.66–1.16) | 87 | 0.65 (0.48–0.88) | |
| P for trend | 0.39 | 0.005 | 0.09 | 0.54 | 0.004 | 0.01 | |||||
| Healthful plant-based diet index | |||||||||||
| Q1 | 95 | 1.00 (ref) | 177 | 1.00 (ref) | 55 | 1.00 (ref) | 86 | 1.00 (ref) | 105 | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Q2 | 84 | 0.77 (0.57–1.03) | 215 | 0.99 (0.81–1.20) | 47 | 1.00 (0.68–1.48) | 141 | 1.03 (0.79–1.35) | 127 | 0.93 (0.72–1.21) | |
| Q3 | 59 | 0.70 (0.51–0.97) | 206 | 1.09 (0.89–1.34) | 31 | 0.93 (0.59–1.46) | 135 | 1.07 (0.82–1.41) | 101 | 0.85 (0.64–1.12) | |
| Q4 | 65 | 0.77 (0.56–1.06) | 188 | 0.89 (0.72–1.10) | 21 | 0.73 (0.43–1.22) | 120 | 0.92 (0.70–1.22) | 106 | 0.81 (0.61–1.06) | |
| Q5 | 53 | 0.81 (0.58–1.14) | 173 | 0.80 (0.65–1.00) | 18 | 0.76 (0.43–1.32) | 88 | 0.86 (0.64–1.16) | 86 | 0.76 (0.57–1.01) | |
| P for trend | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.03 | 0.91 | |||||
| Unhealthful plant-based diet index | |||||||||||
| Q1 | 74 | 1.00 (ref) | 172 | 1.00 (ref) | 35 | 1.00 (ref) | 107 | 1.00 (ref) | 109 | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Q2 | 91 | 1.01 (0.74–1.37) | 212 | 0.91 (0.75–1.12) | 37 | 0.80 (0.50–1.27) | 129 | 0.85 (0.66–1.10) | 125 | 1.01 (0.78–1.31) | |
| Q3 | 70 | 1.02 (0.74–1.42) | 175 | 0.87 (0.70–1.07) | 27 | 0.65 (0.40–1.08) | 130 | 1.01 (0.78–1.30) | 110 | 1.19 (0.91–1.55) | |
| Q4 | 54 | 1.01 (0.71–1.44) | 175 | 0.96 (0.78–1.19) | 28 | 0.76 (0.46–1.26) | 81 | 0.77 (0.57–1.02) | 86 | 1.17 (0.88–1.55) | |
| Q5 | 67 | 1.23 (0.88–1.74) | 225 | 0.98 (0.80–1.20) | 45 | 0.94 (0.60–1.48) | 123 | 1.11 (0.85–1.45) | 95 | 1.15 (0.87–1.53) | |
| P for trend | 0.30 | 0.95 | 0.82 | 0.58 | 0.17 | 0.91 | |||||
| Women | (n = 17,248) | (n = 26,284) | (n = 6955) | (n = 19,324) | (n = 23,664) | ||||||
| Overall plant-based diet index | |||||||||||
| Q1 | 120 | 1.00 (ref) | 90 | 1.00 (ref) | 35 | 1.00 (ref) | 56 | 1.00 (ref) | 84 | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Q2 | 145 | 1.02 (0.80–1.31) | 167 | 0.96 (0.74–1.24) | 34 | 0.95 (0.59–1.54) | 88 | 0.95 (0.68–1.33) | 122 | 0.96 (0.73–1.27) | |
| Q3 | 108 | 0.90 (0.69–1.17) | 158 | 0.81 (0.62–1.05) | 38 | 1.45 (0.91–2.32) | 104 | 1.18 (0.85–1.64) | 127 | 1.06 (0.81–1.41) | |
| Q4 | 68 | 0.74 (0.54–1.00) | 168 | 0.90 (0.69–1.17) | 23 | 1.23 (0.72–2.11) | 76 | 0.93 (0.65–1.31) | 89 | 0.83 (0.61–1.13) | |
| Q5 | 90 | 1.03 (0.78–1.37) | 201 | 0.94 (0.73–1.21) | 16 | 1.22 (0.67–2.26) | 90 | 1.03 (0.74–1.45) | 97 | 0.91 (0.67–1.22) | |
| P for trend | 0.45 | 0.73 | 0.23 | 0.89 | 0.34 | 0.94 | |||||
| Healthful plant-based diet index | |||||||||||
| Q1 | 123 | 1.00 (ref) | 115 | 1.00 (ref) | 39 | 1.00 (ref) | 76 | 1.00 (ref) | 102 | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Q2 | 131 | 1.00 (0.78–1.28) | 153 | 0.96 (0.75–1.22) | 39 | 1.31 (0.84–2.06) | 93 | 0.88 (0.65–1.20) | 117 | 0.93 (0.72–1.22) | |
| Q3 | 113 | 1.07 (0.82–1.38) | 147 | 1.01 (0.79–1.29) | 27 | 1.33 (0.80–2.20) | 89 | 1.00 (0.74–1.36) | 110 | 1.08 (0.83–1.42) | |
| Q4 | 84 | 0.78 (0.59–1.03) | 178 | 0.99 (0.78–1.26) | 24 | 1.24 (0.74–2.10) | 87 | 0.89 (0.66–1.22) | 102 | 0.92 (0.70–1.21) | |
| Q5 | 80 | 0.86 (0.65–1.15) | 191 | 0.96 (0.76–1.22) | 17 | 1.20 (0.67–2.18) | 69 | 0.80 (0.57–1.11) | 88 | 0.89 (0.67–1.20) | |
| P for trend | 0.13 | 0.83 | 0.44 | 0.23 | 0.47 | 0.92 | |||||
| Unhealthful plant-based diet index | |||||||||||
| Q1 | 111 | 1.00 (ref) | 156 | 1.00 (ref) | 20 | 1.00 (ref) | 74 | 1.00 (ref) | 111 | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Q2 | 136 | 1.03 (0.80–1.32) | 189 | 0.95 (0.77–1.17) | 32 | 1.24 (0.71–2.17) | 85 | 0.81 (0.59–1.10) | 126 | 0.98 (0.76–1.26) | |
| Q3 | 108 | 1.05 (0.81–1.37) | 154 | 0.90 (0.72–1.12) | 25 | 1.07 (0.59–1.93) | 77 | 0.81 (0.59–1.11) | 113 | 1.08 (0.83–1.40) | |
| Q4 | 73 | 0.91 (0.67–1.22) | 126 | 0.91 (0.72–1.16) | 25 | 1.16 (0.64–2.10) | 92 | 1.07 (0.78–1.45) | 82 | 0.97 (0.73–1.29) | |
| Q5 | 103 | 1.13 (0.86–1.49) | 159 | 0.98 (0.78–1.22) | 44 | 1.62 (0.94–2.79) | 86 | 0.84 (0.61–1.14) | 87 | 0.95 (0.72–1.26) | |
| P for trend | 0.60 | 0.76 | 0.10 | 0.75 | 0.79 | 0.24 | |||||
aModels were adjusted for age at cohort entry, family history of colorectal cancer, history of colorectal polyp, body mass index, pack-years of cigarette smoking, multivitamin use, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, physical activity, menopausal hormone therapy use for women only, alcohol consumption, and total energy intake