Table 1.

Association between serum protein concentration and brainstem injury (Adams-Gentry stage 3)

	Brainstem injury absent	Brainstem injury present	Adj. p value
Overall cohort
Number of patients	32 (49%)	33 (51%)
Sample time in hours	16 (11–21)	17 (10–18)	0.600
GFAP	10.19 (4.03–28.13)	27.07 (9.41–38.60)	0.184
NFL	28.13 (20.82–102.72)	43.82 (28.86–82.09)	0.600
NSE	20.33 (15.30–33.97)	23.58 (20.31–39.52)	0.184
S100B	0.29 (0.17–0.66)	0.27 (0.20–0.51)	1.000
Tau	5.55 (3.06–12.09)	8.90 (3.33–17.07)	0.600
UCH-L1	237.28 (108.64–526.42)	466.39 (169.42–899.86)	0.184
Sub-cohort with moderate-severe TBI
Number of patients	13 (43%)	17 (57%)
Sample time in hours	14 (10–21)	16 (10–20)	0.711
GFAP	4.46 (3.11–25.91)	30.31 (18.90–40.99)	0.050
NFL	27.82 (18.63–47.75)	47.21 (37.55–81.19)	0.186
NSE	17.14 (13.38–25.05)	31.91 (22.98–46.36)	0.041
S100B	0.17 (0.07–0.24)	0.29 (0.22–0.51)	0.093
Tau	4.31 (2.17–7.27)	14.36 (4.47–21.49)	0.046
UCH-L1	123.48 (98.13–262.49)	696.42 (218.56–953.05)	0.040
Sub-cohort with unrecorded GCS
Number of patients	19 (54%)	16 (46%)
Sample time in hours	16 (11–21)	17 (10–18)	0.803
GFAP	12.69 (5.21–28.57)	21.84 (9.39–33.22)	0.803
NFL	28.45 (21.43–125.89)	35.74 (18.39–83.29)	0.878
NSE	20.90 (18.31–34.00)	22.84 (19.34–26.29)	0.987
S100B	0.46 (0.22–0.66)	0.25 (0.16–0.47)	0.512
Tau	9.01 (4.76–13.92)	4.81 (2.94–11.34)	0.803
UCH-L1	379.55 (178.36–557.11)	273.19 (128.58–503.10)	0.936

Values are presented as count (percent) or median (first quartile – third quartile). Serum protein concentrations are measured in ng/ml for GFAP, NSE and S100B, and in pg/ml for NFL, Tau and UCH-L1. Adj. p value = P values from the Mann–Whitney U-test adjusted for multiple comparisons. Significant p values are in bold. TBI = traumatic brain injury, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale score