Table 2.
Risk and protective factors of depression or anxiety new-onset [OR(95%CI)]
| Depression | Anxiety | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| New-onset vs Resistance | Persistent vs Remission | New-onset vs Resistance | Persistent vs Remission | |
| Measured at T1 | ||||
| Girls (boys as Ref.) | 1.40 (1.26, 1.56)*** | 1.59 (1.34, 1.88)*** | 1.49 (1.32, 1.68)*** | 1.64 (1.34, 1.99)*** |
| Grade (grade 8 as Ref.) | ||||
| Grade 5 | 0.80 (0.68, 0.94)** | 0.84 (0.67, 1.08) | 0.85 (0.71, 1.03) | 0.80 (0.60, 1.05) |
| Grade 6 | 0.74 (0.62, 0.87)** | 0.72 (0.56, 0.91)** | 0.70 (0.58, 0.84)*** | 0.63 (0.47, 0.85)** |
| Grade 7 | 1.01 (0.87, 1.17) | 1.02 (083, 1.26) | 1.09 (0.92, 1.28) | 0.91 (0.72, 1.16) |
| Private school (Public school as Ref.) | 1.10 (0.98, 1.25) | 1.21 (1.01, 1.46)* | 1.16 (1.01, 1.33)* | 1.05 (0.85, 1.30) |
| Boarding at school (No as Ref.) | 1.04 (0.86, 1.27) | 0.65 (0.47, 0.88)** | 0.99 (0.79, 1.23) | 0.68 (0.47, 0.98)* |
| Ethnicity Han (Others as Ref.) | 0.98 (0.76, 1.26) | 0.83 (0.57, 1.19) | 0.93 (0.70, 1.23) | 1.24 (0.79, 1.96) |
| Only-children family (No as Ref.) | 0.93 (0.81, 1.07) | 0.97 (0.78, 1.20) | 0.86 (0.73, 1.01) | 0.94 (0.73, 1.19) |
| Poor parental marital status (Good as Ref.) | 1.11 (0.88, 1.41) | 1.51 (1.12, 2.02)** | 1.24 (0.97, 1.60) | 1.64 (1.17, 2.32)** |
| Family income (monthly) (< ¥12,000 as Ref.) | ||||
| ¥12,000–¥30,000 | 0.91 (0.79, 1.05) | 1.11 (0.89, 1.37) | 0.93 (0.80, 1.09) | 1.15 (0.90, 1.48) |
| > ¥30,000 | 0.92 (0.74, 1.15) | 1.20 (0.86, 1.66) | 0.95 (0.75, 1.21) | 0.84 (0.57, 1.26) |
| Unknown | – | – | – | – |
| Father’s education (College or more as Ref.) | ||||
| Junior high school or less | 1.06 (0.89, 1.25) | 0.94 (0.73, 1.20) | 1.01 (0.84, 1.21) | 0.89 (0.67, 1.19) |
| Senior high school | 1.04 (0.90, 1.20) | 1.06 (0.85, 1.32) | 0.90 (0.77, 1.06) | 0.89 (0.69, 1.15) |
| Mother’s education (College or more as Ref.) | ||||
| Junior high school or less | 0.85 (0.80, 1.11) | 1.12 (0.88, 1.42) | 1.00 (0.83, 1.20) | 1.02 (0.77, 1.36) |
| Senior high school | 1.04 (0.90, 1.20) | 1.18 (0.95, 1.47) | 1.03 (0.88, 1.22) | 1.17 (0.90, 1.50) |
| Chronic physical illness (No as Ref.) | 1.49 (1.16, 1.91)** | 1.11 (0.80, 1.54) | 1.46 (1.11, 1.92)** | 1.06 (0.73, 1.53) |
| Family history of mental disorders (No as Ref.) | 2.30 (1.50, 3.53)*** | 1.09 (0.64, 1.84) | 1.31 (0.75, 2.28) | 0.79 (0.44, 1.45) |
| Measured at T2 | ||||
| Negative life events (contact variable) | 1.03 (1.03, 1.04)*** | 1.03 (1.03, 1.03)*** | 1.04 (1.04, 1.04)*** | 1.03 (1.03, 1.04)*** |
| Sleep duration > 8 h/n (No as Ref.) | 0.33 (0.26, 0.43)*** | 0.38 (0.25, 0.57)*** | 0.35 (0.27, 0.47)*** | 0.46 (0.29, 0.75)*** |
| Reduced homework (No as Ref.) | 0.78 (0.68, 0.89)*** | 0.85 (0.70, 1.04) | 0.77 (0.67, 0.89)*** | 0.81 (0.65, 1.02) |
| More extracurricular activities (No as Ref.) | 0.77 (0.66, 0.88)*** | 0.84 (0.68, 1.04) | 0.73 (0.63, 0.86)*** | 0.71 (0.55, 0.91)** |
| Increased physical activity (No as Ref.) | 0.98 (0.85, 1.11) | 0.90 (0.74, 1.10) | 1.01 (0.87, 1.16) | 1.08 (0.86, 1.36) |
| More time with parents (No as Ref.) | 0.52 (0.46, 0.59)*** | 0.58 (0.48, 0.71)*** | 0.48 (0.41, 0.55)*** | 0.71 (0.57, 0.90)** |
| Reduced academic stress (No as Ref.) | 0.59 (0.51, 0.68)*** | 0.60 (0.48, 0.75)*** | 0.50 (0.42, 0.59)*** | 0.45 (0.34, 0.59)*** |
Bold: p < 0.001 and OR > 1.2 (or < 0.9) were considered to have scientific and public health significance