Table 1.

Current electrochemistry methods for AST detection according to the electrochemical technique used. Bacteria used, antibiotic detected, and time required are summarized in this table as the most relevant parameters in an AST sensor

Electrochemical technique	Bacteria	Antibiotic	Concentrations tested	Detection time	Reference
LSV	E. coli	Penicillin and streptomycin	Not specified	2 h	[45]
DPV	E. coli and K. pneumoniae	Ampicillin, kanamycin, and tetracycline	10 μg/mL	1 h	[46]
DPV	E. coli	Gentamicin sulfate	1.55 μM	90 min	[47]
CV	E. coli	Ampicillin and kanamycin	0–16 μg/mL and 0–64 μg/mL, respectively	1 h	[48]
Amperometric oxygen sensor	E. coli, E. adecarboxylata, C. acidovorans, C. glutamicum, and S. epidermidis	Tetracycline, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol	1 μg/mL, 5 μg/mL, and 5 μg/mL, respectively	8 h	[49]
SWV	E. coli	Erythromycin, amikacin, ampicillin, and cefepime	13.6 μM, 0.852 mM, 1.43 mM, and 1.04 mM, respectively	2–5 h	[50]
EIS and DPV	S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus	Amoxicillin and oxacillin	8 μg/mL	< 45 min	[51]
EIS	E. coli	Streptomycin	4 μg/mL	2.5 h	[52]
Impedance	E. coli	Ampicillin	10 mg/L	1–2 h	[53]
EIS	S. aureus	Flucloxacillin	300 mg/mL	2 h	[54]
Impedance	E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa	Ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and amikacin	0–128 mg/mL	4 h	[55]
Impedance	E. coli and methicillin-resistant S. aureus	Ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, daptomycin, gentamicin, and methicillin	0.1–100 μg/mL	< 90 min	[56]
Capacitance	E. coli and S. aureus	Gentamicin, tetracycline, and ampicillin	0–50 μg/mL, 2 μg/mL, and 8 μg/mL, respectively	Not specified	[57]
Electrical resistance	E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and S. saprophyticus	Ampicillin and nalidixic acid	10 mg/L and 20 mg/L, respectively	2 h	[58]

CV, cyclic voltammetry; DPV, differential pulse voltammetry; EIS, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; LSV, linear sweep voltammetry; SWV, square wave voltammetry