Table 4.

Association of Changes in Community‐Area Total Crime and Cardiovascular Outcomes

Outcome*	Cardiovascular mortality rates			Coronary artery disease mortality rates			Stroke mortality rates
Variable	Estimate	95% CI	P value	Estimate	95% CI	P value	Estimate	95% CI	P value
Total crime*	0.16†	0.04 to 0.29	0.009	0.11†	−0.04 to 0.26	0.15	0.19†	−0.07 to 0.44	0.15
Black race	−0.004	−0.007 to −4.20×10−6	0.05	−0.003	−0.007 to 0.002	0.30	0.001	−0.007 to 0.009	0.81
Hispanic ethnicity	0.003	0.001 to 0.006	0.004	0.004	0.0007 to 0.006	0.01	0.006	0.0009 to 0.01	0.02
Other race‡	−0.008	−0.015 to −0.0011	0.02	−0.01	−0.02 to −0.002	0.01	0.01	−0.003 to 0.02	0.14
Unemployment	0.003	−0.0008 to 0.008	0.12	0.004	−0.001 to 0.009	0.15	−0.007	−0.02 to 0.002	0.12
Vacant housing	3.55×10−6	1.08×10−6 to 6.02×10−6	0.006	4.46×10−6	1.41×10−6 to 7.52×10−6	0.005	3.20×10−6	−1.95×10−6 to 8.36×10−6	0.22
Median Household Income	0.001	−0.003 to 0.006	0.61	0.002	−0.004 to 0.008	0.49	0.009	−0.0004 to 0.018	0.06
Less than high school education	−0.002	−0.005 to 0.001	0.21	−0.005	−0.009 to −0.001	0.02	0.002	−0.005 to 0.008	0.66
Year 2000–2004	Reference
Year 2005–2009	−0.24	−0.30 to −0.19	<0.0001	−0.37	−0.44 to −0.30	<0.0001	−0.28	−0.40 to −0.16	<0.0001
Year 2010–2014	−0.29	−0.37 to −0.21	<0.0001	−0.53	−0.63 to −0.44	<0.0001	−0.34	−0.50 to −0.18	<0.0001

^*Included in model as a log transformed variable. Rate is per 100 000 residents.

^† A 1% change in the independent variable is associated with a percent change in the outcome equal to the estimate value.

^‡ Other race includes Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 2 or more races, or some other race.