Figure 2. Continuous associations of FEV₁/FVC (blue) and percent predicted FVC (light red) at visit 5 with subsequent incidence of HF overall, HFpEF, and HFrEF.

Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, and primary exposure variables (FEV₁/FVC and percent predicted FVC) using restricted cubic splines with 3 knots. *P<0.05 in models further adjusted for body mass index, prevalent coronary artery disease, prevalent atrial fibrillation, hypertension, diabetes, log(NT‐proBNP), and the other spirometric measure (FEV₁/FVC or ppFVC). FEV₁/FVC indicates forced expired volume in 1 second and forced vital capacity ratio); HF, heart failure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide; and ppFVC, percent predicted Forced vital capacity ratio).