Table 2.
Association of 2‐Year Steps and Changes in CVD Risks
| GAM | Linear regression | FDR‐interaction | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EDF | FDR | β | SE | FDR | ||||
| Weight, kg | Men | N=10 175 | 1.89 | <0.001 | −0.32 | 0.029 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Women | N=3105 | 3.38 | 0.003 | −0.17 | 0.052 | 0.003 | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | Men | N=10 173 | 1.77 | <0.001 | −0.11 | 0.010 | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| Women | N=3105 | 3.26 | 0.003 | −0.070 | 0.021 | 0.003 | ||
| Waist, cm | Men | N=9859 | 7.02 | <0.001 | −0.37 | 0.032 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Women | N=2961 | 3.23 | 0.004 | −0.25 | 0.075 | 0.004 | ||
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | Men | N=10 173 | 1.41 | 0.004 | −0.33 | 0.096 | 0.004 | 0.026 |
| Women | N=3106 | 1.00 | 0.98 | −0.004 | 0.20 | 0.98 | ||
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | Men | N=10 172 | 1.00 | 0.001 | −0.27 | 0.070 | <0.001 | 0.021 |
| Women | N=3106 | 1.00 | 0.28 | −0.17 | 0.14 | 0.28 | ||
| HDL‐c, mg/dL | Men | N=10 070 | 3.92 | <0.001 | 0.60 | 0.068 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Women | N=3083 | 1.00 | <0.001 | 0.69 | 0.16 | <0.001 | ||
| LDL‐c, mg/dL | Men | N=10 067 | 1.00 | 0.004 | −0.54 | 0.18 | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Women | N=3083 | 1.00 | 0.31 | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.31 | ||
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | Men | N=10 070 | 1.00 | <0.001 | −3.3 | 0.60 | <0.001 | 0.007 |
| Women | N=3083 | 1.00 | 0.002 | −2.2 | 0.66 | 0.002 | ||
| FPG, mg/dL | Men | N=8609 | 1.00 | 0.023 | −0.22 | 0.093 | 0.023 | 0.077 |
| Women | N=2684 | 1.00 | 0.025 | −0.33 | 0.14 | 0.025 | ||
| HbA1c, % | Men | N=9887 | 1.00 | 0.31 | −0.0028 | 0.0027 | 0.31 | 0.52 |
| Women | N=3008 | 1.00 | 0.004 | −0.013 | 0.0043 | 0.004 | ||
Models were fitted separately for each sex. These were adjusted for age (continuous), BMI (continuous), current smoking (yes/no), alcohol drinking (yes/no), use of lipid‐lowering drugs (yes/no), glucose‐lowering drugs (yes/no), and antihypertensive drugs (yes/no) at baseline health check‐up, baseline steps (continuous), months between the baseline and follow‐up health check‐ups, and related baseline CVD risk with respect to each outcome (eg, baseline waist [continuous] for waist difference).
In GAMs, cubic spline function was applied to steps.
Interactions between steps and sex were tested in the GAMs based on the whole population.
Multiple testing was accounted with use of FDR for 20 comparisons in the sex‐stratified analyses and 10 comparisons for interaction tests.
BMI indicates body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; EDF, effective degrees of freedom; FDR, false discovery rate; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GAM, generalized additive model; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL‐c, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; and LDL, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.