Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of participants by phenogroups
| Characteristics | Phenogroup 1 n = 611 |
Phenogroup 2 n = 619 |
Phenogroup 3 n = 177 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometrics | |||
| Female, n (%) | 303 (49.6) | 325 (52.5) | 91 (51.4) |
| Age, years | 38.3 ± 11.4 | 59.9 ± 10.2* | 65.1 ± 11.3*,** |
| Body mass index, kg/m² | 24.5 ± 3.65 | 27.9 ± 4.32* | 28.2 ± 4.52* |
| Systolic pressure, mmHg | 120.7 ± 11.9 | 136.2 ± 16.8* | 143.4 ± 18.3*,** |
| Diastolic pressure, mmHg | 77.5 ± 8.87 | 83.6 ± 9.55* | 81.3 ± 9.97*,** |
| Heart rate, b.p.m. | 63.6 ± 9.11 | 64.2 ± 9.16 | 63.0 ± 10.5 |
| Questionnaire data | |||
| Current smoking, n (%) | 144 (23.5) | 89 (14.4)* | 15 (8.5)* |
| Drinking alcohol, n (%) | 277 (45.3) | 220 (35.5)* | 63 (35.6)* |
| Hypertensive, n (%) | 88 (14.4) | 393 (63.5)* | 130 (73.5)* |
| Treated for hypertension, n (%) | 29 (4.75) | 221 (35.7)* | 97 (54.8)*,** |
| History of cardiac disease, n (%) | 3 (0.49) | 41 (6.62)* | 38 (21.5)*,** |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 2 (0.33) | 41 (6.62)* | 18 (10.2)* |
| History of renal disease, n (%) | 21 (3.4) | 152 (24.6)* | 58 (32.8)*,** |
| History of chronic obstructive lung disease, n (%) | 19 (3.1) | 34 (5.5)* | 14 (7.9)* |
| Biochemical data | |||
| Serum creatinine, μmol/L | 77.6 ± 13.9 | 81.2 ± 18.3* | 81.5 ± 16.4* |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.91 ± 0.92 | 5.28 ± 0.97* | 5.10 ± 0.98*,** |
| ASCVD risk score | 3.72 (040‒20.9) | 15.4 (1.41‒42.6)* | 24.0 (1.82‒55.0)*,** |
| Echocardiographic indexes | |||
| Aorta diameter, cm | 2.88 ± 0.36 | 3.17 ± 0.42* | 3.23 ± 0.40* |
| LV structure | |||
| LV internal diameter, cm | 5.04 ± 0.44 | 4.96 ± 0.45* | 5.21 ± 0.55*,** |
| LV wall thickness, cm | 0.83 ± 0.11 | 0.94 ± 0.12* | 0.97 ± 0.13*,** |
| Relative wall thickness | 0.34 ± 0.04 | 0.39 ± 0.06* | 0.39 ± 0.06* |
| LV mass index, g/m2.7 | 82.6 ± 16.6 | 93.9 ± 19.4* | 108.9 ± 27.5*,** |
| LV hypertrophy, n (%) | 36 (5.89) | 153 (24.7)* | 83 (46.9)*,** |
| LV systolic function | |||
| LV end-systolic volume index, mL/m² | 21.1 ± 5.20 | 19.9 ± 4.61* | 23.6 ± 10.13*,** |
| Stroke volume index, mL/m² | 33.5 ± 6.79 | 30.3 ± 6.16* | 34.6 ± 10.03** |
| Ejection fraction, % | 61.4 ± 5.42 | 60.3 ± 5.23* | 61.3 ± 9.51 |
| LV longitudinal strain, % | 19.5 ± 2.01 | 19.2 ± 2.21* | 18.7 ± 3.05*,** |
| s' peak, cm/s | 9.62 ± 1.34 | 8.18 ± 1.26* | 7.52 ± 1.55*,** |
| Left atrium | |||
| LA maximal volume index, mL/m² | 27.9 ± 6.71 | 32.0 ± 8.99* | 38.7 ± 11.90*,** |
| LA emptying fraction, % | 62.3 ± 6.65 | 57.7 ± 8.09* | 53.1 ± 10.53*,** |
| LA reservoir strain, % | 37.5 ± 8.23 | 28.1 ± 7.90* | 24.4 ± 7.05*,** |
| LV diastolic velocities and time | |||
| E peak, cm/s | 79.2 ± 14.6 | 67.9 ± 15.0* | 70.7 ± 19.8* |
| A peak, cm/s | 49.5 ± 10.5 | 69.9 ± 13.2* | 73.8 ± 21.8*,** |
| E/A ratio | 1.67 ± 0.48 | 0.99 ± 0.23* | 1.06 ± 0.47* |
| e' peak, cm/s | 14.3 ± 2.53 | 8.86 ± 1.74* | 7.42 ± 2.39* |
| a' peak, cm/s | 8.53 ± 1.91 | 10.57 ± 1.79* | 9.89 ± 2.32*,** |
| E/e’ ratio | 5.59 ± 0.95 | 7.74 ± 1.39* | 10.27 ± 3.94*,** |
| IVRT, ms | 83.6 ± 14.7 | 95.6 ± 16.7* | 95.5 ± 18.3* |
| Deceleration time, ms | 149.0 ± 24.3 | 174.8 ± 38.7* | 183.7 ± 50.5*,** |
| LV diastolic dysfunction, n (%) | 3 (0.49) | 146 (23.6)* | 103 (58.2)*,** |
Values are expressed as mean (±SD) or number of subjects (%). LV hypertrophy was a LV mass index of 52 g/m2.7 in men and 45 g/m2.7 in women or more.
A, late peak diastolic velocity of mitral blood flow; a’, late peak diastolic myocardial velocity; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; E early peak diastolic velocity of mitral blood flow; e’, early peak diastolic myocardial velocity; IVRT, isovolumetric relaxation time; LV, left ventricular; LA, left atrial; s’, peak systolic myocardial velocity.
Significance for between-phenogroups differences
*
P < 0.05 vs. Cluster 1.
Significance for between-phenogroups differences
**
P < 0.05 vs. Cluster 2.