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. 2022 May 7;3(2):284–295. doi: 10.1093/ehjdh/ztac024

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© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Change in the mean percentage maximal target dose of heart failure medications over the study period. (A) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker/angiotensin receptor and neprilysin inhibitor, angiotensin receptor and neprilysin inhibitor, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker, (B) beta-adrenergic blocker and ivabradine, and (C) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist and sodium glucose cotransporter inhibitor. ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor and neprilysin inhibitor; HF, heart failure; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; MTD, maximal target dose; SGLT, sodium glucose cotransporter.