Figure 2.

Screenshots of 3D virtual reality rendered images. (A) Planning of thoracoscopic ablation and left atrial appendage exclusion. Screenshots represent the anatomical orientation and relationship of coronary arteries (pink), pulmonary artery (purple), and left atrial appendage together with pulmonary veins (red). In addition, measurement of the base of left atrial appendage is depicted (right panel). (B) VR planning for redo tricuspid valve repair. Both left (LIMA) and right (RIMA) internal mammary arteries are marked red. 4th (dotted orange line) and 5th rib (orange line), right atrium (plus sign), and diaphragm level (yellow dotted line) is depicted to define surgical entry site. The relation between superior vena cava (blue) and RIMA (red) can be seen clearly in left and right panel. ICS, intercostal space. (C) Redo aortic surgery planning in virtual reality (VR) including measurements of the distance between sternum and aneurysm (left panel). Offspring of aortic arch vessels is depicted in the right panel. (D) Left ventricular assist device (green) extraction planning in VR. The 6th intercostal space (yellow), lungs (blue), and diaphragm are marked as a landmark for determining surgical access through thoracotomy.