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. 2022 Nov 30:1–27. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s10844-022-00764-y

Table 2.

Validation and testing accuracy of image manipulation data

Text model Validation accuracy Test accuracy
VGG16 (Baseline) 73.55% 73.76%
EfficientNet (Baseline) 61.15% 60.87%
ResNet50 (Baseline) 80.43% 80.70%
Inception-ResNet-V2 80.49% 80.66%
Xception 82.07% 82.32%
Inception-ResNet-V2 with ELA 79.52% 79.70%
ResNet50 with ELA 79.01% 79.58%
Xception with ELA 79.58% 80.01%

Bold indicates models with better performance measures (here validation and Test accuracy)