Table 2.
Change in health-related quality of life and physical function outcomes.
| Outcome | Muscle Training Groups |
Mean (SD) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 4-weeks | Post-intervention | |||
| HRQoL, EQ-5D-5L (index) | Inspiratory | 0.583 (0.204) | 0.686 (0.215)a | 0.746 (0.199)a | |
| Inspiratorysham | 0.622 (0.201) | 0.739 (0.148)a | 0.742 (0.193)a | ||
| Respiratory | 0.615 (0.253) | 0.725 (0.237)a | 0.827 (0.203)a,b | ||
| Respiratorysham | 0.628 (0.180) | 0.701 (0.194) | 0.684 (0.212) | ||
| EQ-5D-5L (VAS) | Inspiratory | 52.5 (15.3) | 63.6 (16.8)a | 68.4 (14.7)a | |
| Inspiratorysham | 58.9 (16.3) | 65.0 (17.2) | 68.1 (17.6)a | ||
| Respiratory | 60.2 (15.5) | 65.7 (17.3) | 79.9 (14.3)a,b | ||
| Respiratorysham | 55.3 (15.6) | 60.9 (17.9) | 60.1 (21.7) | ||
| CRF (Ruffier index) | Inspiratory | 8.3 (2.8) | 9.4 (3.6) | 7.7 (3.3)b | |
| Inspiratorysham | 8.5 (3.7) | 9.6 (2.8) | 8.8 (3.6) | ||
| Respiratory | 9.2 (2.6) | 9.7 (2.8) | 7.6 (2.4)a,b | ||
| Respiratorysham | 8.9 (2.5) | 9.1 (2.6) | 8.7 (2.7) | ||
| 1-min STS (n of squats) | Inspiratory | 33.9 (7.8) | 39.4 (7.4)a | 46.0 (8.2)a,b | |
| Inspiratorysham | 35.3 (8.1) | 37.2 (7.7)a | 38.6 (8.6) | ||
| Respiratory | 34.5 (7.3) | 39.3 (7.3)a | 45.5 (7.8)a,b | ||
| Respiratorysham | 35.9 (7.3) | 38.1 (8.4) | 39.4 (8.8) | ||
| Handgrip (Kg) | Inspiratory | 26.3 (8.6) | 28.0 (7.6) | 29.2 (9.5)a | |
| Inspiratorysham | 26.0 (8.2) | 28.1 (8.0) | 29.8 (9.0)a | ||
| Respiratory | 31.4 (10.5) | 32.6 (11.1) | 34.0 (10.0)a | ||
| Respiratorysham | 30.0 (7.4) | 30.7 (9.0) | 32.3 (8.7)a | ||
| Outcome | Comparisons between Muscle Training Groups |
Adjusted difference (95%CI); Cohen's d |
|||
| At 4-weeks | At Post-intervention | ||||
| HRQoL, EQ-5D-5L (index) | Inspiratory vs Inspiratorysham | -0.027 (-0.144; 0.090); d=0.1 | 0.029 (-0.094; 0.151); d=0.3 | ||
| Inspiratory vs Respiratory | -0.017 (-0.134; 0.100); d=0.1 | -0.060 (-0.182; 0.063); d=0.1 | |||
| Inspiratory vs Respiratorysham | 0.015 (-0.102; 0.132); d=0.4 | 0.091 (-0.032; 0.214); d=0.7 | |||
| Inspiratorysham vs Respiratory | 0.010 (-0.107; 0.127); d=0.1 | -0.089 (-0.211; 0.034); d=0.5 | |||
| Inspiratorysham vs Respiratorysham | 0.042 (-0.075; 0.159); d=0.3 | 0.062 (-0.060; 0.184); d=0.4 | |||
| Respiratory vs Respiratorysham | 0.032 (-0.085; 0.149); d=0.3 | 0.151 (0.029; 0.273); d=1⁎⁎ | |||
| EQ-5D-5L (VAS) | Inspiratory vs Inspiratorysham | 3.8 (-5.9; 13.5); d=0.5 | 4.4 (-7.1; 15.9); d=0.5 | ||
| Inspiratory vs Respiratory | 4.2 (-5.6; 14.0); d=0.5 | -6.2 (-17.8; 5.4); d=0.3 | |||
| Inspiratory vs Respiratorysham | 5.1 (-4.6; 14.7); d=0.5 | 10.1 (-1.4; 21.5); d=0.7 | |||
| Inspiratorysham vs Respiratory | 0.4 (-9.2; 10.1); d=0.1 | -10.6 (-22.1; 0.8); d=0.7 | |||
| Inspiratorysham vs Respiratorysham | 1.3 (-8.4; 10.9); d<0.1 | 5.7 (-5.8; 17.1); d=0.3 | |||
| Respiratory vs Respiratorysham | 0.8 (-8.9; 10.5); d<0.1 | 16.3 (4.8; 27.8); d=0.9⁎⁎ | |||
| CRF (Ruffier index) | Inspiratory vs Inspiratorysham | Group*time interaction not statistically significant | |||
| Inspiratory vs Respiratory | |||||
| Inspiratory vs Respiratorysham | |||||
| Inspiratorysham vs Respiratory | |||||
| Inspiratorysham vs Respiratorysham | |||||
| Respiratory vs Respiratorysham | |||||
| 1-min STS (n of squats) | Inspiratory vs Inspiratorysham | 2.8 (-2.6; 8.3); d=0.4 | 8.0 (1.6; 14.4); d=1.1⁎⁎ | ||
| Inspiratory vs Respiratory | 0.3 (-5.1; 5.8); d=0.1 | 0.7 (-5.6; 7.1); d=0.1 | |||
| Inspiratory vs Respiratorysham | 2.3 (-3.2; 7.8); d=0.4 | 7.4 (1.0; 13.8); d=1.0* | |||
| Inspiratorysham vs Respiratory | -2.5 (-8.0; 3.0); d=0.4 | -7.2 (-13.6; -0.9); d=0.8* | |||
| Inspiratorysham vs Respiratorysham | -0.5 (-6.0; 4.9); d<0.1 | -0.6 (-6.9; 5.8); d<0.1 | |||
| Respiratory vs Respiratorysham | 2.0 (-3.5; 7.5); d=0.4 | 6.7 (0.3; 13.1); d=0.8* | |||
| Handgrip (Kg) | Inspiratory vs Inspiratorysham | Group*time interaction not statistically significant | |||
| Inspiratory vs Respiratory | |||||
| Inspiratory vs Respiratorysham | |||||
| Inspiratorysham vs Respiratory | |||||
| Inspiratorysham vs Respiratorysham | |||||
| Respiratory vs Respiratorysham | |||||
a
Statistically significant differences with respect to baseline values p<0.05.
b
Statistically significant differences with respect to the 4-weeks values p<0.05.
⁎
Statistically significant differences p<0.05.
⁎⁎
Statistically significant differences p<0.01.
CRF, cardiorespiratory fitness; HRQoL, health-related quality of life; STS, sit-to-stand; VAS, visual analogue scale.