Table 3.
Change in respiratory muscle function outcomes.
| Outcome | Muscle Training Groups |
Mean (SD) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 4-weeks | Post-intervention | |||
| MIP (cmH2O) (% pred) |
Inspiratory | 77.8 (21.6) 79 (19) |
99.1 (13.6)a 101 (14) |
109.5 (17.6)a,b 111 (18) |
|
| Inspiratorysham | 85.2 (22.8) 79 (20) |
93.5 (23.6) 87 (21) |
98.6 (21.9)a 91 (18) |
||
| Respiratory | 90.0 (22.1) 81 (17) |
110.7 (25.3)a 99 (18) |
123.5 (28.1)a,b 111 (21) |
||
| Respiratorysham | 91.4 (27.2) 86 (22) |
102.4 (30.3)a 96 (24) |
104.1 (27.5)a 98 (24) |
||
| MEP (cmH2O) (% pred) |
Inspiratory | 102.8 (28.6) 73 (18) |
113.1 (18.2) 81 (13) |
123.9 (24.9)a,b 88 (16) |
|
| Inspiratorysham | 104.9 (35.6) 69 (20) |
108.2 (30.6) 71 (20) |
116.0 (35.2)a,b 75 (22) |
||
| Respiratory | 113.1 (32.0) 71 (20) |
143.5 (37.2)a 90 (17) |
154.9 (38.7)a,b 97 (17) |
||
| Respiratorysham | 109.1 (39.9) 70 (23) |
122.1 (36.1)a 78 (19) |
127.1 (34.0)a 81 (19) |
||
| IME (sec) | Inspiratory | 198.0 (101.1) | 400.4 (184.2)a | 456.7 (143.8)a | |
| Inspiratorysham | 191.7 (99.3) | 233.9 (115.4) | 322.6 (174.8)a,b | ||
| Respiratory | 180.8 (96.9) | 352.4 (129.9)a | 459.3 (175.4)a,b | ||
| Respiratorysham | 194.8 (108.5) | 288.6 (145.1)a | 308.0 (130.6)a | ||
| Outcome | Comparisons between Muscle Training Groups |
Adjusted difference (95%CI); Cohen's d |
|||
| At 4-weeks | At Post-intervention | ||||
| MIP (cmH2O) | Inspiratory vs Inspiratorysham | 11.5 (-1.1; 24.0); d=0.9 | 16.2 (1.8; 30.7); d=1.0* | ||
| Inspiratory vs Respiratory | -1.9 (-14.6; 10.8); d<0.1 | -5.3 (-19.8; 9.3); d=0.2 | |||
| Inspiratory vs Respiratorysham | 7.5 (-5.3; 20.3); d=0.6 | 15.1 (0.5; 29.7); d=1.0* | |||
| Inspiratorysham vs Respiratory | -13.3 (-25.9; -0.8); d=0.8* | -21.5 (-35.9; -7.2); d=1.0⁎⁎ | |||
| Inspiratorysham vs Respiratorysham | -3.9 (-16.5; 8.6); d=0.2 | -1.1 (-15.5; 13.2); d<0.1 | |||
| Respiratory vs Respiratorysham | 9.4 (-3.1; 21.9); d=0.5 | 20.4 (6.0; 34.7); d=1.0⁎⁎ | |||
| MEP (cmH2O) | Inspiratory vs Inspiratorysham | 6.5 (-8.4; 21.4); d=0.3 | 9.7 (-5.8; 25.1); d=0.5 | ||
| Inspiratory vs Respiratory | -22.6 (-37.6; -7.6); d=1.0⁎⁎ | -22.6 (-38.1; -7.0); d=0.9⁎⁎ | |||
| Inspiratory vs Respiratorysham | -4.2 (-19.2; 10.7); d=0.1 | 2.0 (-13.5; 17.5); d=0.1 | |||
| Inspiratorysham vs Respiratory | -29.1 (-44.1; -14.2); d=1.4⁎⁎ | -32.3 (-47.8; -16.8); d=1.4⁎⁎ | |||
| Inspiratorysham vs Respiratorysham | -10.7 (-25.7; 4.2); d=0.5 | -7.7 (-23.2; 7.8); d=0.3 | |||
| Respiratory vs Respiratorysham | 18.4 (3.5; 33.3); d=0.9⁎⁎ | 24.6 (9.1; 40.0); d=1.0⁎⁎ | |||
| IME (sec) | Inspiratory vs Inspiratorysham | 161.9 (58.4; 265.5); d=1.2⁎⁎ | 130.9 (9.2; 252.5); d=0.8* | ||
| Inspiratory vs Respiratory | 35.6 (-68.2; 139.3); d=0.2 | -11.5 (-133.3; 110.3); d=0.1 | |||
| Inspiratory vs Respiratorysham | 109.4 (5.9; 213.0); d=0.7* | 147.0 (25.4; 268.6); d=1.0⁎⁎ | |||
| Inspiratorysham vs Respiratory | -126.4 (-230.0; -22.8); d=1.2⁎⁎ | -142.4 (-264.1; -20.6); d=0.9* | |||
| Inspiratorysham vs Respiratorysham | -52.5 (-156.0; 51.0); d=0.5 | 16.1 (-105.5; 137.8); d=0.1 | |||
| Respiratory vs Respiratorysham | 73.9 (-29.8; 177.5); d=0.6 | 158.5 (36.7; 280.3); d=1.1⁎⁎ | |||
a
Statistically significant differences with respect to baseline values p<0.05.
b
Statistically significant differences with respect to the 4-weeks values p<0.05.
⁎
Statistically significant differences p<0.05.
⁎⁎
Statistically significant differences p<0.01.
IME, inspiratory muscle endurance; MIP, maximal inspiratory pressure; MEP, maximal expiratory pressure; % pred, percentage of predicted value.