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. 2022 Apr 22;27(8):3544–3555. doi: 10.1038/s41380-022-01549-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Individual animal data are shown alongside with the mean ± 95% confidence intervals (black) to indicate statistical differences among subgroups. Selected results at group level are indicated. Descriptive statistics, model summaries, and ANOVA results are provided in the Supplementary Tables 1 and 7-10. Acute responsiveness of the HPA axis assessed by comparison of plasma corticosterone levels before and five minutes after restraint stress in females (a) and males (b). Stress induced an increase in corticosterone (p < 1⁻⁵) with females responding more than males (p < 1⁻⁵). Overall, females vs. males (p < 1⁻⁵) and mice with ELA vs. controls had higher corticosterone levels (p = 0.04). Suppression of endogenous corticosterone production six hours after dexamethasone injection (p < 1⁻⁵) was more pronounced in females (c) than males (d, p < 1⁻⁵).