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. 2022 Nov 18;8(11):e11747. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11747

Table 3.

Cochrane Collaboration's ROBINS-I tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions (Sterne et al., 2016).

Domains: D1: Bias due to confounding. D2: Bias due to selection of participants. D3: Bias in classification of interventions. D4: Bias due to deviations from intended interventions. D5: Bias due to missing data. D6: Bias in measurement of outcomes. D7: Bias in selection of reported result.

Judgement: Image 4 Serious, Image 2 Low, Image 1 Moderate, Image 3 No Information.