Fig. 1.

CM from CAFs exposed to apoptotic lung cancer cells inhibits TGF-β1 signaling pathways and the migration and invasion of lung cancer cells. a, c Phase contrast microscopy (left) and quantification of migrated 344SQ cells (right) using Fn-coated Transwell plates. b, d Phase contrast microscopy (left) and quantification of invaded 344SQ cells (right) using Matrigel-coated Transwell plates. Scale bars: 100 µm. Quantification of migrated (e) and invaded (f) 344SQ cells. g Immunoblot analysis of the indicated proteins in 344SQ cell lysates. h qRT‒PCR of MMP2 and MMP12 in 344SQ samples. i Immunoblot analysis of MMP2 and MMP12 in 344SQ cell lysates. a, b, g–i CAFs were exposed to ApoSQ or NecSQ for 20 h. CAF CM, ApoSQ-CAF CM, or NecSQ-CAF CM was added to 344SQ cells with or without TGF-β1 (10 ng/ml) for 48 h or the indicated duration. c, d ApoSQ CM or NecSQ CM was added to 344SQ cells with TGF-β1 (10 ng/ml) for 48 h. e, f ApoSQ or NecSQ were directly added to 344SQ cells with or without TGF-β1 (10 ng/ml) for 48 h. NS: not significant, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, two-tailed Student’s t test. The data are from one experiment representative of three independent experiments with similar results (a–d left, g, i) or from three independent experiments (mean ± standard error in a–d right, e, f, h)