TABLE 1.
Summarized mechanisms of autophagy following treatment with quercetin.
| Cells/tumor | Quercetin concentration | Findings and involved mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| MG-63 cells Balb/c nude mice | 50, 100, and 200 μM 100 mg/kg/day i.g. | Quercetin treatment up-regulated LC3B-II/LC3B-I and down-regulated P62/SQSTM1 expression, suggesting that quercetin increased autophagic flux in MG-63 cells. Specifically, quercetin induced osteosarcoma cell death by inducing excessive autophagy mediated by the ROS-NUPR1 pathway | Wu et al. (2020) |
| BC3, BCBL1, and BC1 cells | 50 nM | Quercetin treatment induced a complete autophagic flux. Furthermore, further accumulation of the lipidated form of the autophagy marker LC3 (LC3-II) was observed in quercetin combined with vesicular proton pump inhibitor-treated BC3, BCBL1, and BC1 cells compared to the single treatments, and the cleavage of PARP in the cells was increased, indicating that the combined treatment increased the cytotoxicity | Granato et al. (2017) |
| SH-SY5Y Cells | 50 nM | Quercetin causes autophagy via up-regulation of microtubule-associated protein LC3II bound by autophagic vesicles. In addition, quercetin exerts against Cu-induced toxic damage by regulating the autophagic pathway to restore endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis in cellular organelles | Chakraborty et al. (2022) |
| MIA Paca-2GEMR cells | 25, 50, 100, and 200 μM | Quercetin treatment of MIA Paca-2 GEMR cells for 24 h or 48 h resulted in a decrease in RAGE protein expression levels and a dose-effect increase in the percentage of autophagic cells | Lan et al. (2019) |
| LM3 cells BALB/c nude mice | 80 and 120 μM 100 mg/kg/day i.g. | Quercetin treatment induced cellular autophagy by upregulating LC3 expression and downregulating P62 expression in a time-dependent manner. These effects partially depended on quercetin downregulation of JAK2 and STAT3 activation | Wu et al. (2019) |
| A549 cells | 20, 40, and 80 μM | Quercetin significantly enhanced TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)mediated lung cancer cell death by activating autophagic flux. | Moon et al. (2015) |
| U251 and U87 cells | 30 μM | Quercetin blocked t-AUCB-induced autophagy in a human glioblastoma cell line by inhibiting the expression of Hsp27 and Atg7 | Li et al. (2016) |
| AGS and MKN28 cells | 40 μM for AGS cells 150μM for MKN28 cells | Quercetin-induced autophagy decreased its therapeutic effect in gastric cancer cells. miR-143 targeting GABARAPL1 effectively inhibited autophagy in gastric cancer cell lines, which could improve the efficacy of quercetin. | Du et al. (2015) |
| CAOV3 and primary ovarian cell | 10, 20, and 40 μM for CAOV3 cells 20, 40, and 80 μM for primary ovarian cell | Quercetin treatment triggers protective autophagy through activation of the p-STAT3/Bcl-2 axis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress. | Liu et al. (2017a) |