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. 2022 Nov 16;13:1005321. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1005321

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Copyright © 2022 Chen, Zhang, Li, Wu, Zhang and Gong

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Broader neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants were induced by RBD-mFc intranasal immunization. The cross-reactive neutralization of immune sera against wild-type and variants of SARS-CoV-2 was analyzed by pseudovirus neutralization. (A–C) Neutralization titers for wild-type and VOC pseudoviruses generated by immune sera from the (A) RBD/i.n., (B) RBD-mFc/i.n. and (C) RBD-mFc/i.m. groups 14 days after the 2^nd boost immunization. The majority of immune sera showed broad-spectrum neutralization capacity. All groups n=4. The dotted lines represent the limit of detection (1:20 dilution). Geometric mean titers calculated by GraphPad Prism are shown above each column. (D) Comparison of neutralization titers against individual viruses between immune sera from the RBD/i.n., RBD-mFc/i.n. and RBD-mFc/i.m. groups. Data are presented as the mean ± SD; nonparametric ANOVA with Dunn’s multiple comparison test was used to test for significant differences in (A). Significant differences in (B–D) were determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. *p < 0.05.