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. 2022 Nov 16;13:1005321. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1005321

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Copyright © 2022 Chen, Zhang, Li, Wu, Zhang and Gong

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Robust mucosal immunity in the respiratory system was induced by RBD-mFc via intranasal immunization. The fully immunized mice were euthanized 14 days after the 2^nd boost immunization, and samples from the respiratory tract, including bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) and trachea wash, were collected. (A–D) The antibody response in these samples were determined by evaluating RBD-specific IgG and IgA. In contrast to intramuscular vaccination, intranasal immunization could additionally induce mucosal immunity. (E) The neutralization titer in BAL fluid were determined by a SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus neutralization assay. (F) Neutralization of authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus by pooled BAL from RBD-mFc/i.n. group. The data in (A–D) represent the mean ± SD. Significant differences were determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. ns, not significant; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.