Table 1.
Weighted demographic characteristics of the study participants.
| Variables | Male (N = 474) | Female (N = 439) | P-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|
| Continuous variables, mean ±SD | |||
| Age (years) | 41.68 ± 13.75 | 42.35 ± 13.95 | 0.4692 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.89 ± 5.80 | 29.28 ± 7.39 | 0.3792 |
| Low-frequency PTA (dB)b | 7.37 ± 7.65 | 7.50 ± 7.75 | 0.7876 |
| High-frequency PTA (dB)b | 21.82 ± 18.70 | 16.20 ± 12.83 | <0.0001 |
| Categorical variables, % | |||
| Race/Ethnicity | 0.3074 | ||
| Mexican American | 7.08 | 8.93 | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 69.13 | 64.20 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 10.02 | 13.02 | |
| Other races | 13.77 | 13.84 | |
| Education level | 0.0024 | ||
| Below high school | 13.86 | 12.85 | |
| High school | 21.39 | 13.08 | |
| Above high school | 64.75 | 74.06 | |
| BMI (categorical) | 0.0208 | ||
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 0.53 | 2.15 | |
| Normal (≥18.5 kg/m2, <25 kg/m2) | 25.45 | 30.00 | |
| Overweight (≥25 kg/m2, <30 kg/m2) | 37.04 | 29.97 | |
| Obesity (≥30 kg/m2) | 36.97 | 37.87 | |
| Diabetes | 7.19 | 7.72 | 0.7636 |
| Hypertension | 27.27 | 25.39 | 0.5195 |
| Serum cotinine (≥10 ng/ml) | 31.92 | 18.52 | <0.0001 |
| Firearm noise exposure | 60.76 | 29.76 | <0.0001 |
| Occupational noise exposure | 44.11 | 23.32 | <0.0001 |
| Recreational noise exposure | 17.80 | 7.71 | <0.0001 |
BMI, body mass index; PTA, pure-tone average. ap-values of continuous variables and categorical variables were calculated by the weighted linear regression model and weighted chi-square test, respectively. bLow-frequency and high-frequency PTA values in the better ear were computed from the average hearing thresholds of 0.5, 1, and 2 kHz and 4, 6, and 8 kHz, respectively.
The bold values indicate the significant values.