Table 1.
General subjects characteristics
| Characteristic | Non-drinkers (n=78) | Drinkers (n=236) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Flushers (n=96) | Non-flushers (n=140) | ||
| Age (y) | 60.6±8.7 | 56.4±10.3** | 55.2±8.6*** |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.0±2.8 | 24.4±2.7 | 24.5±3.2 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 85.9±9.1 | 87.4±7.9 | 86.1±8.4 |
| Body fat (%) | 23.6±6.0 | 24.1±5.4 | 22.9±5.4 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 124.1±15.4 | 123.5±13.7 | 124.6±13.1 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 75.8±10.6 | 76.8±10.5 | 76.8±9.7 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 131.3±77.0 | 128.7±66.3 | 155.0±114.1 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 182.2±34.8 | 200.1±36.1** | 196.6±36.5* |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 112.1±29.7 | 125.8±31.8* | 118.3±33.1 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 46.8±11.2 | 52.2±13.3* | 52.9±14.3** |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 103.3±18.0 | 102.4±20.0 | 106.6±20.9 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.7±0.7 | 5.7±1.0 | 5.7±0.9 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) | 25.2±7.7 | 27.1±10.3 | 30.7±12.5**,† |
| Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) | 25.4±13.1 | 27.1±15.5 | 33.1±18.8**,† |
| Gamma-glutamyltransferase (IU/L) | 30.4±20.8 | 41.4±37.4 | 67.6±91.8***,†† |
| Total testosterone (ng/mL) | 5.1±1.7 | 4.9±1.5 | 4.9±1.8 |
| Hypertension | |||
| No | 44 (56.4) | 61 (63.5) | 82 (58.6) |
| Yes | 34 (43.6) | 35 (36.5) | 58 (41.4) |
| Diabetes mellitus | |||
| No | 63 (80.8) | 84 (87.5) | 121 (86.4) |
| Yes | 15 (19.2) | 12 (12.5) | 19 (13.6) |
| Dyslipidemia | |||
| No | 40 (51.3) | 54 (56.3) | 71 (50.7) |
| Yes | 38 (48.7) | 42 (43.8) | 69 (49.3) |
| Smoking | |||
| No | 21 (65.6) | 26 (50.0) | 32 (59.3) |
| Yes | 11 (34.4) | 26 (50.0) | 22 (40.7) |
| Exercise | |||
| Irregular | 22 (68.8) | 43 (82.7) | 38 (70.4) |
| Regular | 10 (31.2) | 9 (17.3) | 16 (29.6) |
| Drinking amount (drinks per week) | - | 6.5±9.7*** | 12.2±13.5***,††† |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%). One drink is equivalent to 14 g of alcohol as one standard drink.
*
P<0.05,
**
P<0.01, and ***P<0.001 compared to non-drinkers;
†
P<0.05,
††
P<0.01, and †††P<0.001 compared to flushers by analysis of variance with chi-square test, and Bonferroni post-hoc test.