TABLE 1.

Effect of ginsenosides on the pathogenesis of AD.

Model	Drugs	Research results	Authors/Refs.
N2a/APP695 cell line	Ginsenoside Re	Activation PPARγ; Activity BACE1↓; Level Aβ↓	Cao G et al./(Cao et al., 2016)
Tg mAPP mice	Ginsenoside Rg1	Activation γ-secretase ↓; Activation PKA/CREB signaling	Fang F et al./( (Fang et al., 2012))
Male SD rats with injection Aβ1-42	Ginsenoside Rg1	Activation PPARγ; Expression IDE↑; Level Aβ1-42↓; Learning and memory↑	Quan Q et al./(Quan et al., 2013)
AD mice (6-month-old)	Ginsenoside Rg1	Aβ1-42 and (p)-Tau accumulations↓; Activation BDNF-TrkB pathway	Yang X et al./(Yang et al., 2021)
male SD rats (injected with D-gal)	Ginsenoside Rg1	protect NSCs/NPCs ; promote neurogenesis	Zhu J et al./(Zhu et al., 2014)
C57BL/6 mice (injected with D-gal)	Ginsenoside Rg1	Oxidative stress↓; Akt/mTOR signaling pathway↓	Chen L et al./(Chen et al., 2018)
mice (injected with 3-nitropropionic acid)	Ginsenoside Rg1	MAPKs and NF-κΒ signaling pathways↓	Yang X et al./(Yang et al., 2021)
Mice exposed to aluminum chloride	Ginsenoside Rb1	Learning and memory↑; reversing the p-GSK3 and PP2A level	Zhao H et al./(Zhao et al., 2013)
Eighty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats	Ginsenoside Rb1	Expression Bax and caspase-3↓; Expression Bcl-2↑; Inhibit neuronal apoptosis process	Wang Y et al./(Wang et al., 2018)
Wild type and APP/PS1 AD mice	Ginsenoside Rg1	ROS and NOX2 expression↓; APP expression↓; Aβ generation↓; p-Tau level↓;	Zhang H et al./(Zhang et al., 2021)
APP transgenic mice	Ginsenoside Rd	NFκB p65 expression↓; pro-inflammatory factors expression↓;	Liu J et al./(Liu et al., 2015b)
Adult male Sprague-Dawley with injection okadaic acid	Ginsenoside Rd	activities of PP-2A↑; OA-induced the hyperphosphorylation of tau↓;	Li L et al./(Li et al., 2011)