Figure 3.

Hepatocyte-specific restoration of GDF15 improves glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in Gdf15 knockout-first mice

(A) Feeding per mouse based on change in food weight measured twice daily over 12 days for individually housed mice.

(B and C) Feeding data in A normalized per kg body weight (B) or lean mass (C).

(D) Plasma glucose levels measured after a 6 h morning fast.

(E) Plasma glucose levels during glucose tolerance test using 1 g/kg glucose dose.

(F) Area under the curve (AUC) for glucose in E.

(G) Plasma glucose levels (upper panel) and glucose infusion rate (GIR; lower panel) during hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp.

(H) Average plasma glucose levels during steady state or last 40 min of clamp.

(I) GIR during steady state.

(J) Whole-body glucose disposal during steady state.

(K) Endogenous glucose production (EGP) during steady state.

(L) Basal and clamped plasma insulin levels. Data are the mean ± SEM for n = 8–9 for (A–F) and n = 7–11 for (G–L). Data analyzed by Student’s t test or 2-way RM ANOVA. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001.