Table 1.
Adolescent sociodemographic characteristics and psychosocial risks by country
| DRC (n = 2006) | Malawi (n = 2016) | Indonesia (n = 4657) | China (n = 1758) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Girls: N (%) | 1033 (51.5) | 999 (49.6) | 2469 (53.0) | 855 (48.6) |
| Age: M ± SD | 11.9 ± 1.4 | 12.1 ± 1.1 | 12.2 ± 0.5 | 12.5 ± 1.0 |
| Household size: M ± SD | 7.3 ± 2.6 | 5.7 ± 1.9 | 4.8 ± 1.3 | 3.7 ± 1.1 |
| Migrated to current city: N (%) | 291 (14.5) | – | 491 (10.5) | 263 (15.0) |
| Primary caregiver: N (%) | ||||
| Mother | 503 (25.1) | 1485 (73.7) | 3,267 (70.2) | 1246 (70.9) |
| Father | 1144 (57.0) | 128 (6.4) | 1018 (21.9) | 256 (14.6) |
| Grandparent | 131 (6.5) | 140 (6.9) | 74 (1.6) | 217 (12.3) |
| Other | 161 (8.0) | 252 (12.5) | 85 (1.8) | 30 (1.7) |
| Primary caregiver’s marital status: N (%) | ||||
| Married/living together | 942 (47.0) | – | 4159 (89.3) | 1530 (87.0) |
| Unmarried/separated/widowed | 996 (49.7) | – | 272 (5.8) | 190 (10.8) |
| Primary caregiver’s education: N (%) | ||||
| Primary school or less | 118 (5.9) | – | 631 (13.6) | 78 (4.4) |
| Some or all secondary school | 1045 (52.1) | – | 2309 (49.6) | 340 (19.3) |
| Some or all vocational school or university | 742 (37.0) | – | 1493 (32.1) | 1115 (63.4) |
| Primary caregiver’s employment status: N (%) | ||||
| Employed/retired | 1516 (75.6) | – | 2701 (58.0) | 1495 (85.0) |
| Unemployed | 423 (21.1) | – | 1,601 (34.4) | 199 (11.3) |
| Emotional problems: N (%) | ||||
| Blame myself when things go wrong | 1419 (70.7) | 1485 (73.7) | 2830 (60.8) | 1322 (75.2) |
| Worry for no good reason | 274 (13.7) | 1131 (56.1) | 2275 (48.9) | 749 (42.6) |
| So unhappy I can’t sleep at night | 288 (14.4) | 804 (39.9) | 1435 (30.8) | 502 (28.6) |
| Feel sad | 360 (18.0) | 1213 (60.2) | 1419 (30.5) | 510 (29.0) |
| So unhappy I think of self-harm | 95 (4.7) | 597 (29.6) | 924 (19.8) | 285 (16.2) |
| Behavioral problems: N (%) | ||||
| Bullied/threatened | 489 (24.4) | 485 (24.1) | 517 (11.1) | 81 (4.6) |
| Slapped/hit/physically hurt | 493 (24.6) | 583 (28.9) | 581 (12.5) | 77 (4.4) |
| Been teased/called names | 723 (36.0) | 1062 (52.7) | 2253 (48.4) | 559 (31.8) |
| Been slapped/hit/physically hurt | 450 (22.4) | 823 (40.8) | 751 (16.1) | 240 (13.7) |
| Used substance | 208 (10.4) | 421 (20.9) | 520 (11.2) | 474 (27.0) |
Note. In DRC and Indonesia, household size, primary caregiver, primary caregiver’s marital status, primary caregiver’s education, and primary caregiver’s employment status are based on caregiver-reported data. In Malawi, migration status, primary caregiver’s marital status, primary caregiver’s education, and primary caregiver’s employment status are not reported.