Fig. 2.

Mechanotransduction regulating regenerative responses. The signaling transduction of exercise-induced regeneration are generally initiated by mechanical signals. A series of membrane receptors or channels can respond to mechanical signals, thereby converting mechanical signals into chemical molecular signals. Piezo1 channels, working as non-selective cationic channels, sense the exercise-induced stress, converting into mechanical stress-evoked Ca²⁺ signaling. Integrin-based adhesion complex activates FAK, promoting YAP/TAZ translocation via inhibiting Hippo signaling. FAK can drive HDAC5 nuclear translocation and suppress SOST. Integrins or Piezo channels activate the transcription of ligands of Notch receptor in sending cell, triggering Notch signaling of receiving cell. Wnt/β-catenin pathway is important in osteogenesis, which can be inhibited by SOST. Connexin 43 responds to the mechanotransduction for cell-to-cell communication. Created with BioRender