Table 3. DID estimates of stay-at-home order on cognitive health and loneliness, United States, June 2018–February 2022.
| Parameter | Cognitive Test Score | |||
| Numbers test | PV test | VA test | SSS test | |
| Note: Difference-in-differences models were estimated with least squares and include controls listed in Table 2, state-fixed effects and quarter-fixed effects. Each observation is an individual-quarter. State-clustered standard errors are in parentheses and 95% confidence intervals are in brackets. None of the coefficients reached statistical significance. Abbreviation: PV=picture vocabulary; VA=verbal analogies; SSS=serial seven subtraction; DID=difference-in-differences. | ||||
| DID estimate | −0.184 (0.436) [−1.060, 0.691] |
0.221 (0.250) [−0.281, 0.722] |
0.757 (0.582) [−0.412, 1.926] |
−0.041 (0.041) [−0.124, 0.041] |
| R2 | 0.266 | 0.295 | 0.234 | 0.078 |
| N | 8,090 | 7,974 | 7,861 | 7,684 |
| States | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 |