Table 5.

Second-generation unit root tests.

Variables	CIPS		CADF
	Level	First	Level	First
		difference		difference
GCC countries
Emp Tot	−2.166	−2.464**	−2.166	−2.464**
Emp Ind	−2.753***	−3.944***	−2.565**	−2.847***
Emp serv	−2.258*	−3.110***	−2.573**	−2.992***
ICT	−2.175	−4.787***	−1.558	−2.918***
Mobile	−2.670***	−3.197***	−2.387**	−3.197***
Tram	−1.753	−3.552***	−2.363**	−2.944***
Wom–b	−1.113	−2.760***	−1.494	−2.760***
Advanced countries
EmpTot	−0.679	−2.572**	−0.679	−2.572**
EmpInd	−2.652***	−4.236***	−2.678***	−2.421**
Emp serv	−2.580***	−4.426***	−2.438**	−2.585**
ICT	−3.961***	−5.002***	−2.568**	−3.957***
Mobile	−2.068	−3.328***	−1.540	−2.587**
Tram	−2.127	−4.149***	−1.989	−3.314***
Wom-b	−1.790	−4.620***	−1.106	−3.002***

***, **, and * denote 1, 5, and 10% significant levels, respectively.