Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of participants in the two areas.
| Rural areas | Urban areas | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 1,675) | (n = 1,823) | |||
| Variables | n (%) | n (%) | χ2 | p |
| Age | 0.90 | 0.639 | ||
| 60–69 | 757 (45.2) | 847 (46.5) | ||
| 70–79 | 636 (38.0) | 688 (37.7) | ||
| ≥80 | 282 (16.8) | 288 (15.8) | ||
| Female | 849 (50.7) | 1,031 (56.6) | 11.86 | <0.001 |
| Married | 1,111 (66.3) | 1,263 (69.3) | 3.36 | 0.067 |
| Living arrangement | 75.32 | <0.001 | ||
| With children | 709 (42.3) | 1,008 (55.3) | ||
| With spouse only | 619 (37.0) | 596 (32.7) | ||
| Alone | 347 (20.7) | 219 (12.0) | ||
| Formal education | 106.61 | <0.001 | ||
| 0 years | 1,057 (63.1) | 1,004 (55.1) | ||
| 1–6 years | 519 (31.0) | 506 (27.8) | ||
| 6+ years | 99 (5.9) | 313 (17.2) | ||
| Financial situation | 157.58 | <0.001 | ||
| Never or hardly enough | 824 (49.2) | 626 (34.3) | ||
| Half the time enough | 638 (38.1) | 666 (36.5) | ||
| Always or usually enough | 213 (12.7) | 531 (29.1) | ||
| Major personal income | ||||
| Retirement pension | 96 (5.7) | 425 (23.3) | 211.50 | <0.001 |
| Labor income | 691 (41.3) | 311 (17.1) | 248.81 | <0.001 |
| Government subsidies | 905 (54.0) | 761 (41.7) | 52.33 | <0.001 |
| Perceived health | 90.79 | <0.001 | ||
| Bad or very bad | 755 (45.1) | 558 (30.6) | ||
| Fair | 712 (42.5) | 891 (48.9) | ||
| Good or very good | 208 (12.4) | 374 (20.5) | ||
| Physical function (ADL/IADL) | 25.64 | <0.001 | ||
| Active | 1,264 (75.5) | 1,487 (81.6) | ||
| Mildly impaired | 263 (15.7) | 244 (13.4) | ||
| Severely impaired | 148 (8.8) | 92 (5.0) | ||
| Negative life events | 342 (20.4) | 366 (20.1) | 0.04 | 0.835 |
| Intergenerational support | ||||
| Financial support | 1,057 (63.1) | 1,030 (56.5) | 15.82 | <0.001 |
| Emotional support | 605 (36.1) | 986 (54.1) | 113.65 | <0.001 |
| Instrumental support | 750 (44.8) | 1,100 (60.3) | 84.87 | <0.001 |