Table 2.

Bivariate analyses of association between depressive symptoms and related factors.

	Rural areas (n = 1,675)			Urban areas (n = 1,823)
Variables	M (SD)	F	p	M (SD)	F	p
Age		5.51	0.004		5.44	0.004
60–69	12.05 (5.67)			9.62 (6.12)
70–79	12.12 (5.93)			9.3 (5.86)
≥80	13.35 (6.23)			10.7 (6.46)
Gender		16.40	<0.001		10.06	0.002
Male	11.71 (5.76)			9.15 (6.06)
Female	12.87 (5.95)			10.06 (6.1)
Marriage		21.92	<0.001		11.01	0.001
Not currently married	13.23 (6.05)			10.38 (6.44)
Currently married	11.82 (5.74)			9.35 (5.91)
Living arrangement		7.84	<0.001		6.65	0.001
With children	12.26 (5.81)			9.4 (6.01)
With spouse only	11.76 (5.58)			9.61 (5.86)
Alone	13.31 (6.42)			11.05 (6.92)
Formal education		25.92	<0.001		47.49	<0.001
0 years	12.99 (5.86)			10.74 (6.15)
1–6 years	11.45 (5.84)			9.15 (5.79)
6+ years	9.34 (4.8)			7.09 (5.5)
Personal income		35.86	<0.001		123.93	<0.001
Yes	11.46 (5.81)			8.11 (5.89)
No	13.16 (5.84)			11.19 (5.90)
Financial situation		70.14	<0.001		130.57	<0.001
Never or hardly enough	13.82 (5.87)			12.46 (6)
Half the time enough	11.34 (5.32)			9.04 (5.66)
Always or usually enough	9.25 (5.77)			7.16 (5.39)
Perceived health		103.22	<0.001		154.74	<0.001
Bad or very bad	14.08 (5.87)			12.6 (6.41)
Fair	11.63 (5.33)			9.36 (5.39)
Good or very good	8.1 (5.1)			6.03 (4.95)
Physical function		43.257	<0.001		57.22	<0.001
Active	11.56 (5.71)			8.98 (5.67)
Mildly impaired	14.23 (5.9)			12.31 (6.82)
Severely impaired	15.12 (5.72)			13.83 (7.18)
Negative life events		60.38	<0.001		130.89	<0.001
None	11.74 (5.63)			8.88 (5.64)
At least one	14.46 (6.35)			12.82 (6.79)