Table 1.
Multinomial Logistic Regression Estimating the Relative Odds of Class Membership Given Bullying and Social Marginalization Indicators (N = 3779).
| Variable | Psychological/Cyber Victimization Only vs. Uninvolved OR [95% CI] | Mutual Violence vs. Uninvolved OR [95% CI] | Mutual Violence vs. Psychological/Cyber Victimization Only OR [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bullying Perpetration | |||
| School | 1.88 [1.23–2.89] | 5.67 [3.58–8.98] | 3.01 [1.64–5.52] |
| Verbal | 1.69 [1.21 – 2.35] | 3.71 [2.29 – 6.02] | 2.20 [1.23 – 3.92] |
| Social exclusion | 1.48 [1.03 – 2.13] | 4.80 [3.00 – 7.67] | 3.24 [1.87 – 5.59] |
| Physical | 1.67 [1.03 – 2.72] | 7.60 [4.63 – 12.48] | 4.55 [2.50 – 8.29] |
| Relational | 1.79 [1.09 – 2.96] | 8.02 [4.74 – 13.56] | 4.47 [2.45 – 8.18] |
| Weight | 1.24 [.69–2.25] | 6.60 [4.11 – 10.59] | 5.30 [2.78 – 10.12] |
| Sexual | 1.67 [1.12 – 2.46] | 4.66 [2.90 – 7.48] | 2.81 [1.60 – 4.94] |
| Cyber | 2.20 [1.25 – 3.89] | 8.59 [4.87 – 15.17] | 3.91 [2.11 – 7.23] |
| Bullying victimization | |||
| School | 3.43 [2.50 – 4.70] | 3.67 [2.24 – 6.00] | 1.07 [.60–1.92] |
| Verbal | 3.46 [2.50 – 4.78] | 2.48 [1.52 – 4.04] | .72 [.40–1.30] |
| Social exclusion | 3.09 [2.89 – 4.17] | 3.30 [1.99 – 5.47] | 1.07 [.59–1.92] |
| Physical | 1.83 [1.23 – 2.74] | 4.50 [2.67 – 7.60] | 2.45 [1.36 – 4.43] |
| Relational | 4.67 [3.46 – 6.31] | 6.33 [3.88 – 10.32] | 1.35 [.78–2.35] |
| Weight | 2.04 [1.47 – 2.82] | 5.10 [2.80 – 9.29] | 2.51 [1.32 – 4.76] |
| Sexual | 3.44 [2.49 – 4.74] | 4.72 [2.87 – 7.46] | 1.37 [.78–2.42] |
| Cyber | 4.02 [2.87 – 5.63] | 6.28 [3.66 – 10.79] | 1.56 [.87–2.80] |
| Social marginalization | |||
| Gender | 2.00 [1.48 – 2.70] | 1.09 [.68–1.75] | .55 [.31 – .96] |
| Race/ethnicity | 1.01 [.74–1.38] | 2.70 [1.62 – 4.49] | 2.67 [1.54 – 4.64] |
| Immigration status | .81 [.49–1.35] | 3.19 [1.86 – 5.46] | 3.93 [1.97 – 7.84] |
| Family structure | .74 [.53–1.04] | 1.10 [.61–1.98] | 1.10 [.61–1.98] |
| Family affluence | .92 [.87 – .96] | .98 [.89–1.07] | 1.06 [.96–1.17] |
| Food insecurity | 2.55 [1.83 – 3.55] | 4.42 [2.53 – 7.71] | 1.74 [.95–3.16] |
| Demographics | |||
| Age | 1.28 [1.05 – 1.57] | 1.64 [1.14 – 2.35] | 1.28 [.85–1.93] |
Note. Uninvolved (65.7%, n = 2483) is the reference category for the first two columns, Psychological/Cyber Victimization Only (28.9%, n = 1092) is the reference for the final column. Bold denotes statistical significance (p < .05). CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.