. 2022 May 5;38(1-2):NP1540–NP1568. doi: 10.1177/08862605221090595

Table 2.

Comparison of Rates of Health Problems in the Sample versus Canadian Women.

Health Outcome	Rate in Sample		Rate for Canadian Women, %	Rate of Increased Risk in Sample at Wave 5 Compared to Rate for Canadian Women
Health Outcome	Wave 1 N = 309	Wave 5 N = 250	Rate for Canadian Women, %
Depression
Clinical depression	56.5%^a	51.1%^a	5.9^e	8.7
Depressive symptoms	69%^b	60.2%^b	9.6^f	6.3
PTSD	54.9%^c	46.8%^c	3.2^g	16.6
Disabling chronic pain	33.3%^d	30.4%^d	11.2^h	2.7

^aBased on CESD scores ≥22, a proxy for clinical depression.

^bBased on CESD score ≥16, reflecting at least mild depressive symptoms.

^cBased on Davidson Trauma Scale score ≥40, the threshold for clinically significant PTSD Symptoms.

^dBased on Pain Grade III or IV on the Chronic Pain Grade Scale, reflecting percent of participants with pain highly disabling pain that significantly interfered with activities of daily living in previous 6 months (Von Korff et al., 1992).

^ePrevalence of depression among Canadian women 15 years and older, using data from the Canadian Community Health Survey 2012 (Pearson, Janz & Ali, 2013).

^fPercentage of Canadian women age 12+ reporting a mood disorder. Data from Statistics Canada, Health Indicators 2014 Table 13-10-0451-01. Retrieved from: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1310045101&pickMembers%5B0%5D=1.1&pickMembers%5B1%5D=2.1&pickMembers%5B2%5D=3.3&cubeTimeFrame.startYear=2010&cubeTimeFrame.endYear=2014&referencePeriods=20100101%2C20140101

^gEstimate calculated based on current (1 month) prevalence of PTSD of 2.4% among Canadian adults (Van Ameringen, Mancini, Patterson, & Boyle, 2008) and evidence that women’s lifetime PTSD is twice that of men (Katzman et al., 2014), assuming equal percentage of men and women in the Canadian population.

^hPercentage of Canadian women 15–64 years of age reporting a pain-related disability that limited activity drawn from the 2012 Canadian Disability Study (Burlock, 2017).