Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Entire Cohort and Subdivided by HIV Serostatus
| Variable | Total (n = 129) |
% | HIV Positive (n = 48) |
% | HIV Negative (n = 81) |
% | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | .003 | ||||||
| Male | 93 | 72.1 | 40 | 83.3 | 53 | 65.4 | |
| Female | 34 | 26.4 | 6 | 12.5 | 28 | 34.6 | |
| Transgender (male to female) | 2 | 1.6 | 2 | 4.2 | 0 | 0 | |
| Age, median (SD), y | 41 | 31 (53) | 53 | 47 (59) | 35 | 29 (45) | <.001 |
| Race | <.001 | ||||||
| White | 76 | 58.9 | 60 | 74.1 | 16 | 33.3 | |
| Black | 31 | 24.0 | 12 | 14.8 | 19 | 39.6 | |
| >1 race or other race | 8 | 6.2 | 2 | 2.5 | 6 | 12.5 | |
| Hispanic | 39 | 30.2 | 15 | 31.3 | 24 | 29.6 | .85 |
| Homeless—past 30 d | 40 | 31.0 | 22 | 45.8 | 18 | 22.2 | .005 |
| Educational attainment (HS equivalent or greater) | 102 | 79.1 | 31 | 64.6 | 71 | 87.7 | .004 |
| Controlled environment | .066 | ||||||
| Jail or prison | 19 | 14.7 | 10 | 20.8 | 9 | 11.1 | |
| Alcohol or drug treatment | 9 | 7.0 | 1 | 2.1 | 8 | 9.9 | |
| MOUD prescribed | <.001 | ||||||
| Buprenorphine | 68 | 52.7 | 33 | 68.8 | 35 | 43.2 | |
| Methadone | 55 | 42.6 | 12 | 25.0 | 43 | 53.1 | |
| Extended-release naltrexone | 6 | 4.7 | 3 | 6.3 | 3 | 3.7 | |
| Prescribed HIV ART | 48 | – | 48 | 100 | – | – | – |
| MOUD retention through 90 d | 86 | 66.7 | 32 | 66.67 | 54 | 66.67 | 1.00 |
| HIV VL <200 copies/mL | 48 | – | 48 | 100 | – | – | – |
| CD4 count, mean (SD) | 555.5 | 373.5 (949.5) | 555.5 | 373.5 (949.5) | – | – | – |
| Hepatitis C ab positive | 78 | 60.5 | 40 | 83.3 | 38 | 46.9 | <.001 |
| Urine toxicology screen positive at baseline | |||||||
| All opioids | 83 | 64.3 | 24 | 50.0 | 59 | 72.8 | .38 |
| Heroin | 82 | 63.6 | 24 | 50.0 | 58 | 71.6 | .01 |
| Fentanyl | 27 | 20.9 | 14 | 29.2 | 13 | 16.0 | .08 |
| Fentanyl and heroin | 21 | 16.3 | 9 | 18.8 | 12 | 14.8 | .56 |
| Stimulants | 51 | 39.5 | 17 | 35.4 | 34 | 42.0 | .46 |
| ASSIST any opioid use past 3 mo | 112 | 86.8 | 36 | 75.0 | 76 | 93.8 | .002 |
| ASSIST any stimulant use past 3 mo | 62 | 48.1 | 19 | 39.6 | 43 | 53.1 | .14 |
| Cocaine | 61 | 47.3 | 19 | 39.6 | 42 | 51.9 | .18 |
| Methamphetamine | 5 | 3.9 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 6.2 | .09 |
| TLFB reported use (not as prescribed) at baseline | |||||||
| Heroin use, intranasal | 46 | 36.0 | 16 | 33.3 | 30 | 37.5 | .63 |
| Heroin use, injection | 49 | 38.3 | 14 | 29.7 | 35 | 43.8 | .10 |
| Fentanyl use, injection | 1 | 0.8 | 1 | 2.1 | 0 | 0 | .38 |
| Oxycodone use | 3 | 2.3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3.75 | .29 |
| Morphine use | 2 | 1.6 | 2 | 4.2 | 0 | 0 | .14 |
| Methadone use | 5 | 3.9 | 3 | 6.3 | 2 | 2.5 | .36 |
| MINI substance use disorder | |||||||
| Cannabis | 28 | 23.3 | 7 | 15.2 | 21 | 28.4 | .10 |
| Cocaine | 56 | 46.7 | 21 | 45.7 | 35 | 47.3 | .86 |
| MINI disorder | |||||||
| Major depressive | 46 | 38.3 | 13 | 28.3 | 33 | 44.6 | .07 |
| Bipolar | 24 | 20.0 | 4 | 8.7 | 20 | 27.0 | .02 |
| Generalized anxiety | 10 | 8.3 | 1 | 2.2 | 9 | 12.2 | .09 |
| PTSD | 21 | 17.5 | 5 | 10.9 | 16 | 21.6 | .13 |
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; ASSIST, Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test; HS, high school; MINI, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; MOUD, medication for opioid use disorder; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder ; TLFB, timeline follow back; VL, viral load. Bolded data mean statistically significant at p < 0.05.